Disease relevance of Sympaethamin

• CA contains a number of constituents speculated to lead to weight loss, of which the most frequently cited constituent is synephrine [1].
• Mode of action of synephrine on Xanthomonas oryzae [2].
• Although the role of trace amines such as tyramine, octopamine and synephrine in the pathogenesis of migraine has been debated for decades, this issue remains still unresolved [3].
• Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update [4].

Psychiatry related information on Sympaethamin

• We studied the effects of p-synephrine on the immobility behaviors and on the spontaneous motor activity in mice. p-Synephrine at oral doses from 1 to 10 mg/kg significantly decreased the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test and the forced swimming test in mice [5].

High impact information on Sympaethamin

• These effects are not likely caused by C. aurantium alone, because an eightfold higher dose of synephrine (Advantra Z) had no effect on blood pressure, but may be attributable to caffeine and other stimulants in the multi-component formulation [6].
• Dose-adjusted synephrine pharmacokinetics were similar between treatments with t(max) = 90 min, t(1/2) = 3.0 hours, V/F = 16347 L, and CL/F = 88.9 L/min for Xenadrine EFX [6].
• Other good inhibitors of N-acetyltransferase included desipramine, synephrine, and an experimental insecticide, CGA 132427 [7].
• 3. The phenolamines, octopamine and synephrine were only able to couple the alpha 2A-adrenoceptor to a dose-dependent decrease in cyclic AMP production at concentrations up to 1 mM, with the synephrine isomers being more potent than the corresponding octopamine isomers [8].
• The potency of each (+)- form was 1-2 orders of magnitude less than that of the (-) counterpart, the differences being greater for the stereoisomers of synephrine than for those of octopamine on both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sympaethamin

• Subcutaneous administration of prazosin hydrochloride (62.5 micrograms/kg), an alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist, blocked the p-synephrine (3 mg/kg)-induced decrease in immobility in the tail suspension test. p-Synephrine did not change the spontaneous motor activity at oral doses from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg [5].

Biological context of Sympaethamin

• To develop an adequate basis for clinical and public health recommendations, it is necessary to understand the nature of the synephrine alkaloids in CA [1].
• Synephrine (0.095, 0.19, & 0.38 mg/kg/min) also dose-dependently reduced portal pressure and elevated mean arterial pressure in PVL and Sham rats [10].
• Third place--Resident Clinical Science Award 1990. The in vivo and in vitro effect of phenylephrine (Neo Synephrine) on nasal ciliary beat frequency and mucociliary transport [11].

Anatomical context of Sympaethamin

• Pharmacological studies show that synephrine is a potent agonist of the hemolymph receptor for octopamine and that the alpha adrenergic receptor blockers phentolamine and dibenamine and the dopamine receptor blocker, chlorpromazine, are antagonists [12].
• These results demonstrate that octopamine, synephrine and deoxyadrenaline can affect steroidogenesis by bovine luteal cells, and their action is mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors [13].
• Three biogenic amines, octopamine (OA), dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT); two precursors, tyramine and tryptophan; and two metabolites, synephrine and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, were detected in all ganglia [14].
• The activities of the (-)- and (+)-forms of m- and p-octopamine and m- and p-synephrine on beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig atria and trachea have been compared with that of noradrenaline [15].
• In this paper, applications of these methods are described for the analysis of isoflavones, salvinorin A, synephrine isomers and their metabolites in serum, urine and aqueous humor [16].

Associations of Sympaethamin with other chemical compounds

• Incubation of bovine luteal cells with the alternative pathway catecholamines octopamine, synephrine and deoxyadrenaline at concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-3) M enhanced the production of progesterone (P less than 0.05) [13].
• A rapid liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(n) method for evaluation of synephrine in Citrus aurantium L. samples [17].
• An isotopically labeled internal standard liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of ephedrine alkaloids and synephrine in dietary supplements [18].
• The main ingredients in the supplement discussed here were chromium picolinate, Sida cordifolia, synephrine, and guarana [19].
• Determination of hesperidin and synephrine in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection [20].

Gene context of Sympaethamin

• All urine specimens demonstrated a negative response to the CEDIA Amphetamines Assay. Urine specific gravity ranged from 1.007 to 1.028, and pH ranged from 5.0 to 7.0; thus, reducing the possibility that the negative results were caused by diluted specimens or reduced excretion of synephrine into alkaline urine [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sympaethamin

• In the in vivo experiments, intravitreal injection, two or three hours before eye enucleation, of 10 microgram L-DOPA, dopamine, or noradrenaline accentuated CA-cell fluorescence and increased the number of visible cells, whereas 10 microgram of tyramine, octopamine, synephrine, or adrenaline reduced the endogenous fluorescence [22].
• Determination of synephrine enantiomers in food and conjugated synephrine in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection [23].
• Determination of synephrine enantiomers was made with HPLC with electrochemical detection using a chiral ligand-exchange column (Sumichiral OA-6000) [23].
• We previously reported that p-synephrine has antidepressant-like activity in the murine models of forced swimming and tail suspension [24].
• The fluorescence of this material is very dim in untreated fireflies but increases substantially following sustained light emission induced by synephrine or prolonged electrical stimulation [25].

References