Disease relevance of Hindlimb Suspension

• In acute behavioural assays in mice, the orally administered compound potentiated the 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP)-induced syndrome [minimal effective dose (MED) = 10 mg/kg], antagonized the hypothermia induced by a high dose of apomorphine (ED50 = 2 mg/kg) and reduced the immobility in the tail suspension test (MED = 10 mg/kg) [1].
• Based on these results, we used this model to analyze the lactate transport activity after hypodynamia by tail suspension [2].
• Active hexose correlated compound enhances resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in mice in the hindlimb-unloading model of spaceflight conditions [3].

Psychiatry related information on Hindlimb Suspension

• The following models are reviewed: behavioral despair, tail suspension, learned helplessness, chronic mild stress, olfactory bulbectomy, DRL behavior and conditioned place preference [4].
• Subcutaneous administration of prazosin hydrochloride (62.5 micrograms/kg), an alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist, blocked the p-synephrine (3 mg/kg)-induced decrease in immobility in the tail suspension test. p-Synephrine did not change the spontaneous motor activity at oral doses from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg [5].
• Ritanserin suppressed exploratory behavior, and this effect was potentiated by tail suspension [6].
• Male pups were submitted to open-field, forced swimming test, tail suspension test and fenproporex-induced stereotyped behavior [7].

High impact information on Hindlimb Suspension

• First, osteoclasts, which were increased by unloading in wild-type mice, were not increased by tail suspension in OPN(-/-) mice [8].
• Indeed, "helpless" mice are essentially immobile in the tail suspension test, as well as the Porsolt forced-swim test, and they show reduced consumption of a palatable 2% sucrose solution [9].
• Reduced expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 in bone marrow cells in mice after skeletal unloading [10].
• We tested the hypothesis that skeletal unloading reduces osteogenic potential by inhibiting the molecules related to angiogenesis and/or vasculogenesis in bone marrow cells [10].
• These results show that skeletal unloading induces resistance to IGF-I by inhibiting activation of the IGF-I signaling pathways at least in part through downregulation of integrin signaling [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hindlimb Suspension

• These results confirm the sensitivity of the tail suspension test and indicate that serotonin uptake inhibitors probably decrease immobility and reduce locomotor activity through different mechanisms [12].
• We found that the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test (TST) was significantly increased in MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice as compared with control mice without a significant change in the locomotor activity (LA) [13].

Biological context of Hindlimb Suspension

• Bone formation, however, assessed both by tetracycline labeling and by [3H]proline and 45Ca incorporation, was suppressed by alendronate treatment and further decreased by skeletal unloading [14].
• Tail suspension reciprocally increased concentrations of TBARS and GSSG in parallel with enhancement of protein ubiquitination, suggesting that oxidative stress may play an important role in protein ubiquitination caused by tail suspension [15].
• These include the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test, used to determine antidepressant activity, and tests indicating activity on the central nervous system, such as body temperature and ketamine induced sleeping time [16].
• After 28 days of hindlimb-suspension, insulin binding, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) uptake, and glucose metabolism (glycolysis and glycogenesis) were determined at various insulin concentrations (0.2-30 nM) in soleus muscle of young (18-day-old) and adult (150-day-old) rats [17].
• The effects of tail suspension hypokinesia on the gene expression for TGF-beta2 at different sites within bone were evaluated [18].

Anatomical context of Hindlimb Suspension

• Northern hybridization revealed that the messenger RNA level for transforming growth factor-beta 2 and IGF-II in stromal cell was reduced by tail suspension [19].
• Our data show that trabecular bone mass and bone formation were preserved after tail-suspension in p53-/- mice, closely associated with ALP+ CFU-f and mineralized nodule formation in marrow cultures obtained from tibias of p53-/- mice [20].
• The associated biphasic pattern of IGF-I/IGF-IR expression, osteoblast markers, and osteoblast activity strongly suggests an important role for IGF-I signaling in the local effect of skeletal unloading on metaphyseal bone formation [21].
• The present study was aimed at evaluating quantitatively gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity in the hindlimb representation of the rat somatosensory cortex after 14 days of hindlimb unloading by tail suspension [22].
• The results of the present study showed that administration of AHCC for 1 wk before and throughout the second day of the hindlimb-unloading period enhanced the function of the immune system assessed by spleen cell proliferation and cytokine production in spleens and nitric oxide and cytokine production in peritoneal cells [23].

Associations of Hindlimb Suspension with chemical compounds

• We conclude that alendronate prevents the relative loss of mineralized tissue in growing rats subjected to skeletal unloading, but it does so primarily by inhibiting the resorption of the primary and secondary spongiosa, leading to altered bone modeling in the metaphysis [14].
• These results demonstrate that tail suspension reduces the growth-induced periosteal modelling drift and that the antiresorptive agent pamidronate is unable to restore normal periosteal bone apposition [24].
• RESULTS: Serotonin transporter knockout mice showed an increase in latency to feed in a novel situation, more immobility in a forced swim, increased escape latency in a shock escape paradigm, and decreased immobility in tail suspension [25].
• The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram, a widely used antidepressant, decreased immobility in both 5-HT7+/+ and 5-HT7-/- mice in the tail suspension test, suggesting that it utilizes an independent mechanism [26].
• In the present study, the antidepressant-like effect mediated by the activation of 5-HT(1A) receptors was examined using the tail suspension test in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice [27].

Gene context of Hindlimb Suspension

• We speculate that the loss of osteogenic potential after skeletal unloading is caused by the suppression of PECAM-1 signaling on endothelial cellular surface [10].
• These results suggest that modulations of RANKL and OPG expression in stromal cells might be one of the causes of bone loss during skeletal unloading [28].
• In contrast, although NK1R-/- mice also exhibited an increase in the duration of struggle behaviour in the tail suspension test, this was not observed following pharmacological blockade with L-760735 in gerbils or GR205171 in mice, suggesting that this may reflect a developmental alteration in the knockout mouse [29].
• In depression-related paradigms, Tac1-deficient mice were more active in the Porsolt's forced-swimming test and the tail-suspension test, and they did not become hyperactive after bulbectomy [30].
• These results suggest that the tail suspension assay may have utility to identify CRF1 receptor antagonists with antidepressant-like activity [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hindlimb Suspension

• Agmatine produces an antidepressant-like effect when assessed in the forced swimming test (FST) and in the tail suspension test (TST) in mice (dose range 0.01-50 mg/kg, i.p.), without accompanying changes in ambulation in an open-field [32].
• Oral administration of calcium hydroxide (16 and 24 mg Ca/kg) caused a significant increase in serum inorganic phosphorus concentration and femoral-diaphyseal calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity of rats with skeletal unloading [33].
• Electrotherapy in mice: dopaminergic and noradrenergic effects in the Tail Suspension Test [34].
• We studied the effects of active immunization with glutamate-protein conjugates on behavioral reactions of C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice in the open-field test and on animal anxiety in the tail suspension test [35].
• 2) The average levels of blood albumin, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, triglyceride, serum iron and hemoglobin in the tail suspension group were lower than those in the control group, especially in male rats [36].

References