Disease relevance of GLYAT

• In ACF, GAT mutations (12 of 26) were as frequent as GTT mutations (11 of 26) in codon 12, although GTT mutations in codon 12 were predominant in adenocarcinomas (10 of 11) [1].
• The adenoma portion of one "cancer in adenoma" case of gallbladder showed the single base transition (GAT) in the second position, same as in the carcinoma portion [2].
• Two haplotypes, AGC and GGC, were associated with non-significant reductions in breast cancer risk, and the rare GAT haplotype was associated with a significantly increased risk [3].
• TLCs were antigen specific, responding to influenza A virus, not to influenza B, TGAL, GAT, tetanus toxoid, or KLH, and only when antigen was presented by cells unable to form rosettes with AET-treated SRBC [4].
• The GAT (Asp) codon was introduced into the pol gene of a molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus via site-directed mutagenesis [5].

Psychiatry related information on GLYAT

• Patients with earlier onset of obesity reported more WST than patients with later onset of obesity, but the groups did not differ significantly in GAT, current eating disorder psychopathology, body dissatisfaction. or psychological functioning [6].
• Measurements assessing teasing history (general appearance [GAT] and weight and size [WST] teasing), current eating disorder psychopathology (binge frequency, eating restraint, and concerns regarding eating, shape, and weight), body dissatisfaction, and psychological functioning (depression and self-esteem) were obtained [6].

High impact information on GLYAT

• The nucleophile is cysteine in GAT, serine in penicillin acylase, and threonine in the proteasome [7].
• The crystal structures of three amidohydrolases have been determined recently: glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (GAT), penicillin acylase, and the proteasome [7].
• RESULTS: Of 20 biliary tract tumors showing a mutation band, G to A single base substitutions were confirmed in 15 cases as the most frequent changes, which were divided into changes for aspartic acid (GAT) and (14) serine (AGT) (1) [2].
• As a result, the 128th amino acid, aspartic acid, was replaced with glycine (GAT to GGT) [8].
• We have demonstrated that human lymphocytes can respond to the synthetic polypeptide GLPhe upon in vitro challenge by the antigen similar to that of (H,G)-A--L, (T,G)-A--L, (Phe,G)-A--L, and GAT [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of GLYAT

• Mutations in the Kirsten ras (KRAS) gene are present in almost all pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and one common mutation is at codon 12: GGT (Gly) is transformed into GAT (Asp) [10].
• An Ala 134 to Asp (GCT to GAT) transition was found in one Turkish and two Norwegian patients with chronic tyrosinemia [11].
• A search for other mutations in N-RAS exon-1 in T-ALL revealed a codon 13 mutation substituting aspartic acid (GAT) for glycine (GGT) in one of 18 patients [12].
• Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine (Gem), doxorubicin (Dox), and paclitaxel (Pac) (GAT) has been considered attractive as first-line treatment in metastatic breast cancer [13].
• The S. aurantia rrs-rrl intergenic regions, as with Treponema denticola, contain genes specifying a 73-nt tRNA(Ala) (anticodon TGC) and a 77-nt tRNA(Ile) (anticodon GAT) [14].

Biological context of GLYAT

• The availability of pure human ACGNAT would help in studying the molecular genetics and structural biology of this protein which is important in the detoxification of various endogenous and xenobiotic acyl CoA's [15].
• Families in which the complementary genes are in coupling gave maximal lod scores (log of the odds) of 4.50 for (Phe,G)-A--L and 7.57 for GAT for 0 = 0 [16].
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequence analysis showed that the propositus' gene for HCII (HCII Awaji gene) had a thymine insertion after codon (GAT) for Asp88 in exon II, resulting in a frameshift mutation [17].
• A decrease in GAT internalization rates also occurs in the presence of GAT1 substrates, suggesting the hypothesis that tyrosine phosphorylation is required for the substrate-induced up-regulation of GAT1 surface expression [18].
• Direct sequencing of amplified DNA from individuals affected with variant SSCP patterns revealed the presence of the following silent polymorphisms: Asp251 (GAT/C) in exon 7 and Asn692 (AAT/C) in exon 15 [19].

Anatomical context of GLYAT

• Thus, only at delta GATP values greater than about 51 kJ.mol-1 for thylakoid membranes with oxidized coupling factors and about 45 kJ.mol-1 when the coupling factors are reduced was the onset of ATP synthesis dictated by the thermodynamic equilibrium between ATP and ADP [20].
• Two clonal cell lines, Cl-3 and Cl-7, were cloned from the PC-1 cell line, and these cell lines also carried the GAT point mutation at codon 12 [21].
• In contrast to the situation found with cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones, we also found a differential inhibiting effect of anti-LFA1 MAb on the GAT-specific proliferation of the three TH clones [22].
• The analysis of serial semi-thin sections showed that pinealocytes as well as interstitial glial cells contain immunocytochemically detectable amounts of GAT proteins, indicating that both pineal parenchymal cell types participate in GABA reuptake [23].
• KIII5 cells respond to GAT-presenting splenic antigen-presenting cells (APC) by IL-2 production, IL-2R upregulation and proliferation [24].

Associations of GLYAT with chemical compounds

• The Km values of human ACGNAT for benzoyl CoA, salicyl CoA, isovaleryl CoA and octanoyl CoA were 57.9, 83.7, 124 and 198 mM, respectively, and the corresponding Vmax values were 17.1, 10.1, 7.64 and 3.3 mumol/min/mg protein [15].
• Vigorous lymphoproliferative responses to synthetic polypeptides poly(L-phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid)-poly(DL-alanine)--poly(L-lysine) [( Phe,G)-A--L], and L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine (60:30:10) (GAT) were observed in cells from 92 unrelated subjects [16].
• The resulting change in the amino acid structure is gamma 330 aspartic acid (GAT) --> valine (GTT) [25].
• A construct in which codon 2153 was changed from CAA to GAT (Asp) also failed to eliminate the production of a protein the size of apoB48 [26].
• The PCR product from one of five patients revealed an alteration when mixed oligonucleotides representing variants of the second letter at codon 12 of this gene were used as 5' primers, and further experiments showed a mutation of GGT (Gly) to GAT (Asp) at codon 12 [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GLYAT

• As for the diagnostic testing of the serum, there are the classical methods of agglutination, namely, GAT, TSAT, TAT, and CTAT, and of immobilization [28].
• Central corneal thickness on GAT (Goldman applanation tonometry accuracy) [29].
• The patients with a p21(+) GAT mutation showed the worst survival after pancreatectomy compared with other categories of patients [30].
• Phase II study of gemcitabine, doxorubicin and paclitaxel (GAT) as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer: a translational research experience [31].
• The ELISA proved to be more sensitive than conventional methods, e.g. the GAT, the SIT and the TAT, and also more effective since the technique allows screening of more than one hundred test samples for ASA within one day [32].

References