Disease relevance of Ped

• The Ped gene has been shown to influence the rate of preimplantation embryonic cleavage division, as well as litter size, birth weight, and weaning weight [1].
• By Northern hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies on cDNA, Southern hybridization, Western blotting, and nucleotide sequence analysis, the Q5k gene was identified as the gene encoding the Qa-2k antigen expressed on BW5147 lymphoma cells derived from a mouse of AKR strain (H-2k, Qa-2-) [2].
• In BALB/cAnN x (C57BL/6J x BALB/cAnN)F1 and BALB/cAnN x (BALB/cJ x BALB/cAnN)F1 backcrosses, the expression of Qa-2 antigen correlated with resistance to cysticercosis [3].
• Oestrogen given alone after ovariectomy increased embryo loss, but restored preimplantation embryo development to normal when given on Day 3 after progestins on Day 1 [4].

High impact information on Ped

• We screened a cDNA library prepared from a BALB.B10 CTL clone that expresses Qa-2 antigen, and isolated four clones derived from Q7b, a Qa region gene of C57BL/10 [5].
• Synchronized preimplantation embryo development and passage through the oviduct into the uterus are prerequisites for implantation, dysregulation of which often leads to pregnancy failure in women [6].
• The expression of mouse ePAB before zygotic gene activation argues for its importance in translational activation of maternally derived mRNAs during mammalian oocyte and early preimplantation embryo development [7].
• Although the physiological significance of the cannabinoid ligand-receptor signaling in normal preimplantation embryo development is not yet clear, the regulation of embryonic cAMP and/or Ca2+ levels via this signaling pathway may be important for normal embryonic development and/or implantation [8].
• The study presents clear evidence that specific growth factors of embryonic and/or reproductive tract origin participate in preimplantation embryo development and blastocyst functions in an autocrine/paracrine manner [9].

Biological context of Ped

• Expression of Qa-2 antigens by the embryos correlated completely with Ped gene phenotype [10].
• Regulation of Ped gene expression by TAP protein [11].
• The protein product of the Ped gene is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib protein Qa-2 [11].
• Of the ten known MHC class I genes in the Q region of the mouse MHC, four--Q6, Q7, Q8, and Q9--are almost identical and encode similar proteins, all called the Qa-2 antigen [12].
• The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to show that antisense treatment, but not sense treatment, decreased the level of mRNA for Qa-2 antigen in preimplantation embryos [13].

Anatomical context of Ped

• The Qa-2 antigen on lymphocyte subpopulations. Mixed lymphocyte culture and cell-mediated lympholysis [14].
• Stimulation of primed splenic T cells with irradiated Qa-2+ T blast cells, instead of splenocytes or B blast cells, led to little to no CTL generation, suggesting that MHC class II molecules are involved in the presentation of Qa-2 antigen to CD4+ T cells [15].
• The expression of Qa-2 antigen was detected on the surfaces of MM2 and other tumor cells derived from H-2k mice (seven among nine cell lines tested) by a membrane immunofluorescence method using a Qa-2-specific mAb [16].
• Demilune cell and parotid protein from murine oviductal epithelium stimulates preimplantation embryo development [17].
• Objectives of this study were to determine if leptin supplementation directly affects 1) ovarian follicle growth and function, 2) oocyte maturation, or 3) preimplantation embryo development [18].

Associations of Ped with chemical compounds

• Two strains of mice, a Ped fast, melatonin-deficient strain, C57BL/6, and a Ped slow strain previously found to have detectable melatonin levels at nighttime, CBA/Ca, were studied [19].
• Nitric oxide as a regulator in preimplantation embryo development and apoptosis [20].
• Influence of the Preimplantation Embryo Development (Ped) Gene on Embryonic Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Levels [21].
• Modulation of mouse preimplantation embryo development by acrogranin (epithelin/granulin precursor) [22].
• Fertilization in vitro of mouse ova from inbred and outbred strains: complete preimplantation embryo development in glucose-supplemented KSOM [23].

Regulatory relationships of Ped

• The sex ratio in preimplantation embryos from Ped gene congenic mice was examined in order to determine whether embryo sex is a confounding factor in the control of the rate of preimplantation development [24].
• Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and confocal immunofluorescent microscopy, we found that both TRAIL and MK are expressed from the 1-cell through the blastocyst stage of murine preimplantation embryo development [25].
• Preimplantation embryo development enhanced by epidermal growth factor [26].
• PURPOSE: Leukemia inhibitory factor is a cytokine that plays an important role in implantation and enhances mouse preimplantation embryo development in vitro [27].

Other interactions of Ped

• Thus, both Q7 and Q9 are candidates for the genes responsible for the Ped gene phenotype [28].
• These data support the hypothesis that the Ped gene is linked to the H-2 complex [29].
• A major gene that regulates the rate of preimplantation development is the preimplantation embryo development (Ped) gene, discovered in our laboratory [30].
• Evaluation of cyclooxygenase 2 derived endogenous prostacyclin in mouse preimplantation embryo development in vitro [31].
• CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the addition of TGF-alpha to in vitro culture medium is proper to create a favorable environment for preimplantation embryo development and implantation [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ped

• Methods : B6.K1 (Ped negative) and B6.K2 (Ped positive) mouse embryo-conditioned culture media were assayed for PAF content by a PAF-specific radioimmunoassay [21].
• The mobility of the Qa-11 antigen in SDS-PAGE and in isoelectrofocusing is the same as that of Qa-2 antigen [33].
• We have developed a protocol using recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (rhFSH) to induce ovarian stimulation in the mouse to investigate its impact on preimplantation embryo development [34].
• Maternal diabetes adversely affects preimplantation embryo development and pregnancy outcomes [35].
• MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Preimplantation embryo development and survival of mutant mitochondrial DNA as determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis [36].

References