Disease relevance of TBCA

• Administration of purified colonization factor antigens (CFA/I, CFA/II) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to volunteers. Response to challenge with virulent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli [1].
• Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) and BCG vaccine modulate the development of type 1 diabetes in animal models [2].
• RESULTS: Both EFA and CFA do not support the existence of functional dyspepsia as a homogeneous (unidimensional) condition [3].
• CFA markedly decreased escape latencies to both 48 degrees and 30 degrees C stimulation, thereby demonstrating thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia [4].
• Like native human AChR, the recombinant human alpha 1-210 protein induced AChR-binding, AChR-modulating, and AChR-blocking autoantibodies in rats when injected once intradermally as an emulsion in CFA, with Bordetella pertussis vaccine as supplementary adjuvant [5].

Psychiatry related information on TBCA

• Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on 1,355 reliable responders to the self-rated Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), which covers all nine aspects of DSM-III-R schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) [6].
• Evidence for these desirable properties of measurement instruments can be established within the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) framework; a nested hierarchy of hypotheses is tested that addresses the cross-group invariance of the instrument's psychometric properties [7].
• CFA was applied to Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale and Simpson-Angus Scale subscores to examine differential effects of high doses of ASP and FPX on negative and depressive symptom dimensions in 126 acutely ill schizophrenic patients [8].
• The administered questionnaire included the 25-item COHRQoL [8-10] and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory-School Form. The analytical method was based upon CFA using maximum likelihood estimation [9].
• LDL consisted of 'daily activities', 'travel' and 'social life', and mental health included 'family life', 'depressed' and 'tired'. Based on the results from the EFA, the second-order factor structure was tested by CFA [10].

High impact information on TBCA

• When conjugated via the cysteine residue to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), emulsified in CFA, and injected into rabbits, the synthetic hybrid evoked opsonic antibodies against types 5, 6, and 24 streptococci without stimulating tissue crossreactive immunity [11].
• The CFA is destroyed by acid gastric contents but it induced significant antibody titer rises in 8 of 11 (73%) volunteers with preexisting serum anti-CFA IgG levels after oral administration of 1 mg of CFA/I with sodium bicarbonate [1].
• In contrast, intraoral sucrose and suckling did not increase hindpaw withdrawal latencies in either control or CFA-inflamed rats [4].
• When paucity of lymph node T cells (plt) mutant mice lacking expression of CCL19/CCL21 were primed with OVA/CFA, both expansion of OVA-responding CD4(+) T cells in the draining lymph nodes and an in vitro recall response were prolonged as compared with responses in wild-type (WT) mice [12].
• Mice sensitized with bPDC and CFA developed, within 2 weeks of sensitization, high-titer antibody responses reactive with bPDC that were fully cross-reactive with the murine homologue [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of TBCA

• Moreover, EAE could be induced actively with Hu-BP and a synthetic Hu-S110-129 peptide in CFA, but only with co-immunomodulation by pertussis toxin or cyclophosphamide [14].
• Experimental murine autoimmune oophoritis, a model of human premature ovarian failure, is induced by immunization with a peptide of the ZP3 glycoprotein from mouse zona pellucida (ZP3(330-340)) in CFA [15].
• To study the role of IFN-gamma in the autoantibody-mediated experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), an animal model of myasthenia gravis in humans, IFN-gammaR-deficient (IFN-gammaR-/-) mutant C57BL/6 mice and congenic wild-type mice were immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) plus CFA [16].
• Although mannose-resistant hemagglutination was common in non-enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli, none of the non-enterotoxigenic strains possessed CFA/I or CFA/II; these strains included fecal strains of serogroups O6, O8, O63, and O78, fecal strains of enteropathogenic serogroups, and strains from extraintestinal sources [17].
• The vaccine consisted of formalin-killed E. coli bacteria expressing the most common colonization factor antigens (CFAs), i.e., CFA/I, -II, and -IV, and recombinantly produced cholera B subunit (CTB) [18].

Biological context of TBCA

• TBCA is essential for cell viability and its knockdown produces a decrease in the amount of soluble tubulin, modifications in microtubules and G1 cell cycle arrest [19].
• It has been suggested that autoimmunity to the proteoglycan (PG) component of cartilage plays a major role in the etiology of adjuvant arthritis (AA), which occurs in rats, but not in mice, after injection of CFA [20].
• Recovery was associated with disease resistance upon rechallenge with ZP3(330-340) in CFA [15].
• The results presented here show that, in rats, i.v. injection of PG synergizes with CFA in the induction of AA, and enhances both humoral and cellular immunity to PG [20].
• Further recombinant viruses containing defined exchanges within the 4-kb fragment were constructed, and virulence testing of these viruses indicated that the fiber was responsible for differences in virulence for CFA 40 and CFA 3 [21].

Anatomical context of TBCA

• We have used siRNA to silence TBCA expression in HeLa and MCF-7 mammalian cell lines [19].
• OT-I T cells expanded equivalently upon administration of OVA in CFA to mice previously given OVA in the a.c. or subconjunctiva [22].
• Treatment of guinea pig myelin/CFA immunized rats with sIL-1R for 13 consecutive days significantly delayed the onset of EAE, reduced the severity of paralysis and weight loss, and shortened the duration of disease [23].
• The development of fatal CD4+ T cell-mediated experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in susceptible female Lewis rats was optimized by immunization with 20 mg of guinea pig spinal cord homogenate in CFA on day 0 with three doses of 1 microgram pertussis toxin given i.v. on days 0, 3, and 7 [24].
• Thus, hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions were present in guinea pigs immunized with CFA for classical delayed hypersensitivity, and in animals immunized with IFA for Jones-Mote reactions [25].

Associations of TBCA with chemical compounds

• Diabetes was induced in BALB/c mice by four injections of a subdiabetogenic dose (40 mg/kg) of streptozotocin in combination with CFA [26].
• Hapten-specific 24-hr cutaneous basophil reactions were passively transferred with immune serum from donors sensitized with conjugates of oxazolone or picryl-KLH in CFA or IFA, and with serum from oxazolone contact-sensitized animals as well [25].
• Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to rCTB and CFA/I were measured in all subjects, and those against CS1, CS2, and CS4 were measured in all children plus a subset of 33 adults [27].
• To identify CFA, in strains lacking mannose-resistant hemagglutination properties we exploited the ability of human ETEC strains to adhere to human proximal small intestinal mucosa [28].
• Three doses of vaccine consisting of formalin-killed ETEC bacteria expressing fimbrial colonization factor antigens I and II (CFA/I and CFA/II) in combination with purified cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) were given 2 weeks apart [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of TBCA

• Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems which could detect as little as several or 50 ng of CFA/III per ml were developed [30].
• Specific antisera to the antigens colonization factor antigen (CFA)/I, CFA/II (consisting of coli surface antigens [CS] 1, 2, and 3), and putative colonization factor antigen (PCF) 8775 (consisting of CS4, 5, and 6) were used in immunodiffusion tests and ELISAs [31].
• A high frequency of IgG autoantibodies has previously been found in the plasma of patients with CFA to an extractable 70-90 kDa lung antigen by Western blotting [32].
• Hemagglutination and electron microscopy confirmed surface expression of CFA/I [33].
• PURPOSE: To determine whether intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is as accurate as cut-film (film hard-copy) angiography (CFA) in the evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolus [34].

References