Disease relevance of Theileria

• Theileria annulata sporozoite surface antigen expressed in Escherichia coli elicits neutralizing antibody [1].
• A stage-specific surface antigen of Theileria parva, p67, is the basis for the development of an anti-sporozoite vaccine for the control of East Coast fever (ECF) in cattle [2].
• The p67 sporozoite antigen of Theileria parva has been fused to the C-terminal secretion signal of Escherichia coli hemolysin and expressed in secreted form by attenuated Salmonella dublin aroA strain SL5631 [3].
• Metastasis of Theileria annulata macroschizont-infected cells in scid mice is mediated by matrix metalloproteinases [4].
• Baculovirus surface display of Theileria parva p67 antigen preserves the conformation of sporozoite-neutralizing epitopes [5].

High impact information on Theileria

• Heterotransplantation of Theileria parva-infected cells to athymic mice [6].
• Evidence for the induction of casein kinase II in bovine lymphocytes transformed by the intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva [7].
• The entry of Theileria parva sporozoites into bovine lymphocytes: evidence for MHC class I involvement [8].
• Jun NH2-terminal kinase is constitutively activated in T cells transformed by the intracellular parasite Theileria parva [9].
• At present immunization against Theileria parva is by infection with live sporozoites and simultaneous treatment with a long-acting oxytetracycline [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Theileria

• Comparative studies of the efficacy of parvaquone and parvaquone-plus-frusemide in the treatment of Theileria parva infection (East Coast fever) in cattle [11].
• The chemotherapeutic effect of halofuginone lactate (Terit, Hoechst) was tested against natural pathogenic Theileria parva infections (East Coast fever, ECF) in 24 cattle [12].
• Parvaquone (Clexon Cooper) was clinically tested for efficacy as a treatment for East Coast Fever (Theileria parva parva infection) in naturally infected cattle [13].
• Clinical efficacy and plasma concentrations of two formulations of buparvaquone in cattle infected with East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection) [14].
• One hundred and nine cases of bovine tropical theileriosis (Theileria annulata infection) in Punjab State, India, were treated with oxytetracycline (23 cases) or buparvaquone (86 cases) [15].

Biological context of Theileria

• When T cells become infected by the parasite Theileria parva, they acquire a transformed phenotype and no longer require antigen-specific stimulation or exogenous growth factors [9].
• Genome analysis of Theileria parva [16].
• Linear peptide specificity of bovine antibody responses to p67 of Theileria parva and sequence diversity of sporozoite-neutralizing epitopes: implications for a vaccine [2].
• TaCRK3 encodes a novel Theileria annulata protein kinase with motifs characteristic of the family of eukaryotic cyclin dependent kinases: a comparative analysis of its expression with TaCRK2 during the parasite life cycle [17].
• The cDNA encoding a 23-kDa piroplasm membrane protein (p23) of Theileria sergenti Chitose (C)-type was isolated and its nucleotide sequence was determined [18].

Anatomical context of Theileria

• The effect of cyclosporin A on the continuous proliferation of Theileria parva-infected T cells was tested and compared with its effect on the Con A-induced proliferation of bovine lymph node cells [19].
• Generation of bovine cytotoxic cell lines, specific for cells infected with the protozoan parasite Theileria parva and restricted by products of the major histocompatibility complex [20].
• Class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted parasite-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are known to be a major component of the bovine immune response to the protozoan parasite Theileria parva, but formal proof for their role in protection of cattle against infection with T. parva has been lacking [21].
• Bovine leukocyte antigen major histocompatibility complex class II DRB3*2703 and DRB3*1501 alleles are associated with variation in levels of protection against Theileria parva challenge following immunization with the sporozoite p67 antigen [22].
• Its level of expression is directly correlated with that of IgM on peripheral blood B cells and Theileria parva-transformed B cells [23].

Associations of Theileria with chemical compounds

• Protein analysis of Theileria sergenti/buffeli/orientalis piroplasms by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [24].
• Chemoprophylaxis with tetracycline drugs in the immunisation of cattle against Theileria annulata infection [25].
• Characterisation of a glutamine- and proline-rich protein (QP protein) from Theileria parva [26].
• A 2 hectare paddock on the Muguga Estate, Kiambu District of Kenya (altitude 2100 m) free of Theileria parva-infected ticks was seeded by applying Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphs to cattle infected with Theileria parva (Kiambu 4) [27].
• Activity of buparvaquone against Theileria cervi in white-tailed deer [28].

Gene context of Theileria

• This suggests a parasite-mediated event, involving the recruitment and activation of the host IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, as has been observed with the related protozoan Theileria parva [29].
• In contrast to Theileria, confocal microscopy studies showed no apparent hijacking of IKKalpha, IKKbeta, or their activated phosphorylated forms at the T. gondii PVM [29].
• Effect of buparvaquone on the expression of interleukin 2 receptors in Theileria annulata-infected cells [30].
• Cloning and characterization of the casein kinase II alpha subunit gene from the lymphocyte-transforming intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva [31].
• Infection with Theileria annulata induces expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transcription factor AP-1 in bovine leucocytes [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Theileria

• Characterization of a polymorphic Theileria annulata surface protein (TaSP) closely related to PIM of Theileria parva: implications for use in diagnostic tests and subunit vaccines [33].
• Cloning and characterization of a 150 kDa microsphere antigen of Theileria parva that is immunologically cross-reactive with the polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) [34].
• Sporozoites of Theileria parva (parva), Theileria parva (lawrencei) and Theileria taurotragi were isolated from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks by grinding infected ticks in medium, filtering the suspension and concentrating by centrifugation [35].
• Chemotherapy of Theileria annulata infection with buparvaquone [36].
• PCR detection of Theileria parasites in ticks was compared with conventional staining of dissected salivary glands using methyl green pyronin and its comparative advantages are discussed [37].

References