Disease relevance of Sialorrhea

• In addition to the typical stereotyped movements and scoliosis, other motor disturbances included bruxism, sialorrhea, ocular deviations, parkinsonian findings, dystonia, myoclonus, and athetosis [1].
• Other untoward effects included sialorrhea, nausea, and slight weight gain (mean = 3.5% of body weight in the risperidone group) [2].
• CONCLUSIONS: Glycopyrrolate therapy safely and effectively decreased but rarely abolished drooling in patients with cerebral palsy and related neurodevelopmental disabilities [3].
• Parkinsonism, tremor, akathisia, and sialorrhea were more likely to occur with haloperidol than with placebo or risperidone at 1 to 6 mg/day [4].
• This study describes an open-label pilot study of sublingual atropine drops for the treatment of sialorrhea in 7 patients (6 with Parkinson's disease, 1 with progressive supranuclear palsy) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Sialorrhea

• METHOD: The charts of 55 patients receiving clozapine and valproate concurrently between May 8, 1989, and May 8, 1992, were reviewed to determine the indication for and length of time on each medication, abnormalities in liver function test results, blood cell dyscrasias, seizures, nausea, vomiting, sedation, sialorrhea, and enuresis [6].
• During the second phase, behavioural changes, dystonia, pen-oral dyskinesia, drooling, mutism and muscle wasting due to anterior horn cell involvement were the important features [7].
• A 6-year-old who received two doses of aripiprazole therapeutically experienced lethargy, drooling, and flaccid facial muscles which improved with diphenhydramine [8].

High impact information on Sialorrhea

• The mechanism of nitrazepam-induced drooling and aspiration [9].
• Intermittent cough, sulfur-tasting sputum, and hypersalivation associated with captopril [10].
• A 37-year-old male patient developed sialorrhea while being treated with lithium carbonate [11].
• Clozapine-induced sialorrhea treated with sublingual ipratropium spray: a case series [12].
• Guanfacine treatment of clozapine-induced sialorrhea [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sialorrhea

• Clonidine treatment of clozapine-induced hypersalivation [14].
• These effects are observed at concentrations of propofol reached during the induction of anesthesia and might explain why hypersalivation has been reported as one of the side-effects of propofol [15].
• The antimicrobial oxidizing agent hypothiocyanite ion (OSCN-) was measured in resting (drooling) and stimulated (expectorated) whole saliva [16].
• Treatment of sialorrhea with glycopyrrolate: A double-blind, dose-ranging study [17].
• Patients taking benapryzine had significantly fewer of the common side effects of trihexyphenidyl but more sialorrhea [18].

Biological context of Sialorrhea

• Two patients with spastic cerebral palsy recently treated with modafinil at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center child neurology clinic have stopped drooling [19].
• Normal salivation may be altered by drugs (such as clozapine, risperidone, nitrazepam, lithium, and bethanecol) that have a cholinergic effect that induces sialorrhea [20].
• A comparison of homozygous and heterozygous horses using standardised potassium chloride challenge testing indicated that during attacks homozygotes showed significantly more frequent signs of drooling, prolapse of the third eyelid, respiratory stridor and weakness than heterozygous horses [21].

Anatomical context of Sialorrhea

• The sialorrhea was associated with salivary gland enlargement and was reversed by discontinuation of lithium [11].
• Oro-facial manifestations include bilateral facial nerve palsy resulting in a mask like facies, drooling, incomplete eye closure, and strabismus secondary to the extra-ocular muscle imbalance [22].
• PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with drooling caused by head and neck carcinoma, neurodegenerative diseases, or stroke received injections of 50 to 65 U botulinum toxin A (Botox; Allergan, Irvine, CA) in both submandibular and both parotid glands under sonographic control [23].
• Except for the deficiency of dehydratase, an enzyme catalyzing a reaction in the recycling pathway, all other variants of BH4 deficiency are characterized by developmental delay, progressive neurological deterioration, hypokinesis, drooling, swallowing difficulty, truncal hypotonia, increased limb tone, myoclonus and brisk deep tendon reflexes [24].
• These results suggest that GR-205171 acts on the afferent pathway in the bulb and diminishes hypersalivation and antral contraction related to emesis as well as fictive retching but does not affect gastric relaxation or hypersalivation induced by the vagovagal, vagosalivary, and linguosalivary reflexes [25].

Gene context of Sialorrhea

• 1. Large doses (50 or 100 mg/kg p.o.) of SUN 1165 as well as mexiletine had little effects on the pilocarpine-induced hypersalivation and the pupil size in mice [26].
• METHODS: Of 590 consecutive patients admitted for video-EEG monitoring, either as a part of a presurgical evaluation of medically intractable epilepsy or for diagnosis and clarification of their paroxysmal symptoms, we identified 10 patients with ictal hypersalivation as a prominent manifestation of complex partial seizures [27].
• Other findings that make it possible to delineate a recognizable syndrome include down-slanting palpebral fissures (66%), a high palate (67%), joint hyperextensibility (55%), pectus excavatum (22%), strabismus or amblyopia (33%), and prolonged drooling (44%) [28].
• In addition to the common symptoms of LPL deficiency, a striking feature of unknown origin was hypersalivation [29].
• On admission, her clinical findings were coma, pinpoint pupils, hypersalivation, respiratory failure, bradycardia, and hypotension [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sialorrhea

• Amisulpride treatment of clozapine-induced hypersalivation in schizophrenia patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study [31].
• Intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid produced 'wet dog shake', focal seizure of the limbs and neck, hypersalivation, or generalized convulsion [32].

References