Disease relevance of Afferent Pathways

• CONCLUSIONS: Mild-to-moderate chronic tissue injury in gastroesophageal reflux disease differentially affects mechanosensitive and chemosensitive afferent pathways [1].
• We have demonstrated previously that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) enhances reflex bradycardia in normotensive rats through an action on nonarterial vagal afferent pathways [2].
• This study examined whether exposure of the Sprague-Dawley rat stomach to hydrochloric acid (HCl) or ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), a noxious chemical produced by Helicobacter pylori, activates different vagal afferent pathways as reflected by different circuitries in the medullary brainstem [3].
• Since cell populations activated by seizures and hypoxia are indistinguishable, and a majority of tyrosine hydroxylase-reactive cells in caudal ventrolateral medulla are independently activated by each stimulus, it may be inferred that some impulses originating from seizures and chemoreceptor afferent pathways converge to a common set of neurons [4].
• Our results suggest that the sensitivity of the afferent pathways to elicit the lordosis reaction are under different hormonal modulations: cutaneous afferents seem to be facilitated by estrogen and progesterone, while cervicovaginal afferents would be facilitated only by estrogen [5].

High impact information on Afferent Pathways

• In order to gain insight into sensory processing modulating reproductive behavioral and endocrine changes, we have aimed at identifying afferent pathways to neurons synthesizing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH, also known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]), a key neurohormone of reproduction [6].
• Thus, P2X3 is critical for peripheral pain responses and afferent pathways controlling urinary bladder volume reflexes [7].
• Vagal afferent pathway mediates physiological action of cholecystokinin on pancreatic enzyme secretion [8].
• It was also shown that perivagal capsaicin treatment impaired pancreatic responses to CCK-8 but not to 2DG ruling out an effect of CGRP on vagal afferent pathway [9].
• In contrast, afferent pathways involved in local reflexes and cutaneous perception are not inhibited by octreotide [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Afferent Pathways

• And, since there is in the nigrostriatal system a glutamatergic afferent pathway (the prefrontonigral projection) and since dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons contain postsynaptic NMDA receptors, glutamatergic excitation may play a role in the degeneration of the nigrostriatal system in Parkinson's disease [11].

Biological context of Afferent Pathways

• The integration of action potentials with IPSPs was examined with conjoint stimuli to the two afferent pathways, and demonstrated that the effective IPSP duration decreased approximately 20-fold during the first 3 postnatal weeks [12].
• In 2 rats with episodes of EAE, however, this potential was markedly increased in amplitude, which might have been due to demyelination-induced conduction block of descending pathways that normally inhibit synaptic transmission in the afferent pathway [13].
• Intestinal perfusion with carbohydrates inhibits gastric emptying via vagal and spinal capsaicin-sensitive afferent pathways [14].
• Parturition or systemic administration of cholecystokinin, that activate supraoptic and paraventricular neurons via ascending afferent pathways from the brainstem, both induced c-fos, but not the other genes, in the magnocellular nuclei [15].
• Interestingly, in the hippocampus, the antibodies to differentially phosphorylated Kv4.2 channels localize to specific afferent pathways, indicating that the Kv4.2 phosphorylation state may be input specific [16].

Anatomical context of Afferent Pathways

• Bladder afferent pathway and spinal cord injury: possible mechanisms inducing hyperreflexia of the urinary bladder [17].
• 6. These results suggest that like CCK, non-CCK-mediated luminal stimuli evoke pancreatic enzyme secretion via stimulation of a vagal afferent pathway originating from the duodenal mucosa [18].
• 2. While serotonin is not endogenous to the SCN, a major midbrain hypothalamic afferent pathway is serotonergic [19].
• To investigate whether the development of seizure-induced alterations is regulated by the subcortical afferent pathways to the hippocampus, we lesioned cholinergic, noradrenergic or serotonergic afferent pathways in rats two days after seizures were induced with kainate [20].
• The systemic amphetamine-induced increase in cortical acetylcholine may be mediated via multiple, parallel pathways and may not be attributable to a single afferent pathway of the basal forebrain [21].

Associations of Afferent Pathways with chemical compounds

• Ischemic episodes release a collage of chemicals, including adenosine and bradykinin, that excites the receptors of the sympathetic and vagal afferent pathways [22].
• Interruption of cardiac sympathetic afferent pathways did not significantly attenuate increases in renal nerve activity with 5-HT [23].
• In this review we consider the rôle played by particular afferent pathways in the regulation of the activity of oxytocin and vasopressin cells [24].
• 7. It is concluded that excitatory amino acid receptors of both the NMDA and non-NMDA type are involved in the synaptic responses of v.b.t. neurones to sensory afferent stimulation, and that the apparent synaptic pharmacology depends on the mode of stimulation of the afferent pathway [25].
• These data demonstrate that the DA content of the olfactory bulb can be influenced by either chemical or surgical modulation of the afferent pathway in two different species [26].

Gene context of Afferent Pathways

• Moderate to dense hybridization signal was also observed in association with a variety of auditory, visual, and somatosensory relay nuclei, suggesting that the NTRL might be involved in a widespread modulation of primary afferent pathways [27].
• The distribution, morphology, synaptic coverage and postsynaptic targets of calbindin-containing interneurons and afferent pathways have been analyzed in the control and epileptic CA1 region of the human hippocampus [28].
• Thus, Ex4 and PYY(3-36NH2) suppress FI via independent mechanisms involving a GLP-1 receptor-dependent, sensory afferent pathway (Ex4) and a Y2-receptor mediated pathway (PYY(3-36NH2)) [29].
• We determined whether pancreatic adaptation to a high-protein diet depends on ingested protein in the intestinal lumen and whether such adaptation depends on a CCK or capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent pathway in pancreaticobiliary-diverted (PBD) rats [30].
• Regulation of neurohypophyseal hormone release reflects the convergence of a large number of afferent pathways on the vasopressin (VP)- and oxytocin-producing neurons [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Afferent Pathways

• In addition, GABA(A) and glycine receptor antagonists typically led to an increase of calcium in collicular neurons during electrical stimulation of the ascending afferent pathway at the level of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus [32].
• Activation of renal afferent pathways following furosemide treatment. I. Effects Of survival time and renal denervation [33].
• This effect could be abolished only by retrobulbar block (afferent pathway block) and not by vagotomy, intravenous atropine or glycopyrronium, suggesting that it is distinct from, and independent of, the oculocardiac reflex [34].
• The role of peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and afferent pathways in mediating abdominal surgery-induced delayed gastric emptying was investigated using an intravenous injection of the competitive CRF antagonist alpha-helical CRF9-41 and capsaicin pretreatment in adult fasted rats [35].

References