Disease relevance of clomiphene

• To investigate the incidence and types of abnormalities of chromosome number in oocytes, we recovered preovulatory oocytes from 17 women who were undergoing clomiphene stimulation and laparoscopy because of infertility [1].
• If this is also true of fertile women, including those not taking clomiphene, it may explain the high frequency of chromosome aberrations occurring in early spontaneous abortion and the low pregnancy rate after in vitro fertilization [1].
• We conclude that infertile women undergoing clomiphene stimulation have a high proportion (nearly 50 percent) of oocytes with an abnormal karyotype [1].
• Endometriosis and clomiphene citrate [2].
• Letter: Ectopic pregnancy, hydatidiform mole and clomiphene [3].

Psychiatry related information on clomiphene

• It was concluded that factors additional to the nutritional state contribute to the prolonged amenorrhoea in anorexia nervosa and that clomiphene appears to have only a limited role in the treatment and management of patients with the disorder [4].
• Late luteal phase dydrogesterone in combination with clomiphene or tamoxifen in the treatment of infertility associated with irregular and infrequent menstruation: enhancing patient compliance [5].
• High doses of exogenous oestrogens, clomiphene, chorionic gonadotropin, lynesterol and ergotamine also seemed to have some indirect association with NTD because their exposures occurred more frequently before the critical period of NTD due to maternal infertility [6].

High impact information on clomiphene

• Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome [7].
• Treatment with clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) is often used to induce folliculogenesis before in vitro fertilization, but not all women have an adequate response [8].
• Clomiphene unresponsiveness suggested a lack of maturation of central-nervous-system events characteristic of normal puberty [9].
• The Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent phosphotransferase activity of protein kinase C was inhibited by the triphenylethylene compounds clomiphene [drug concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) = 25 microM], 4-hydroxytamoxifen (IC50 = 25 microM), and N-desmethyltamoxifen (IC50 = 8 microM) [10].
• These tests included (a) the pulsatile pattern and day-to-day fluctuation of gonadotropin release; (b) effects of exogenous estrogen and antiestrogen (clomiphene) administration on gonadotropin release; and (c) pituitary responsiveness to maximal (150 mug) and submaximal (10 mug) luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) injections [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of clomiphene

• Because clomiphene inhibited estrogen-deficiency bone loss in buserelin-treated rats without depressing the hypoestrogenic action of this LHRH agonist, it is suggested that the use of clomiphene to protect the skeleton during LHRH agonist therapy of endometriosis warrants further study [12].
• The effects of short and long-term treatment with clomiphene citrate and with synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) on gonadotropin release were studied in 5 male patients with hypothalamic hypogonadism [13].
• Free androgen index and leptin are the most prominent endocrine predictors of ovarian response during clomiphene citrate induction of ovulation in normogonadotropic oligoamenorrheic infertility [14].
• The in vitro effect of the nonsteroidal antiestrogens tamoxifen (TAM) and clomiphene (CLO) on bone resorption was investigated [15].
• Infertility can be treated with clomifene (clomiphene citrate), metformin, gonadotropins or surgery to the ovaries [16].

Biological context of clomiphene

• Letter: Ectopic gestation and hydatidiform mole in clomiphene-induced pregnancies [17].
• The pregnancy and multiple pregnancy rates after stimulation with clomiphene alone or with human menopausal gonadotropin were comparable, but oocyte pickup based on a knowledge of the duration of the endogenous rise in luteinising hormone, rather than 36 h after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, increased the pregnancy rate [18].
• After ovarian stimulation with clomiphene alone or with human menopausal gonadotropin, 102 laparoscopies were carried out in 62 women and the ongoing pregnancy rate beyond the first trimester was 17/102 laparoscopies (17%), including 5 sets of twins [18].
• Factors favourably modifying implantation rate were maternal age of under 40 years, priming with clomiphene alone, and the replacing of more than one embryo in the uterus [19].
• Biotransformation of the antiestrogen clomiphene to chemically reactive metabolites in the immature female rat [20].

Anatomical context of clomiphene

• Chronic treatment with 17 alpha-estradiol, tamoxifen, and clomiphene failed to produce significant histologic al changes in the testes [21].
• In this study, we have determined the ability of the partial estrogen antagonists, clomiphene, tamoxifen, and nafoxidine, and the pure estrogen antagonists, ICI 164,384 and ICI 182,780, to inhibit angiogenesis in the chick egg chorioallantoic membrane [22].
• Clinical and experimental studies have indicated that a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, clomiphene citrate, might prevent the stimulatory action of estrogens on the human endometrium [23].
• Progesterone follicular fluid levels were 9.84 +/- 3.3, 5.18 +/- 61, and 11.3 +/- 2.3 micrograms/ml for untreated, hMG-treated, and clomiphene-treated patients, respectively (P less than 0.05) [24].
• The actions of clomiphene, tamoxifen, and 17 beta-estradiol were studied in an isolated avian granulosa cell system during short term incubations [25].

Associations of clomiphene with other chemical compounds

• Tamoxifen, clomiphene, and nitromifene provoked a decrease in cytosolic receptor but no increase in demonstrable nuclear estrogen receptor [21].
• Endogenous luteinizing hormone surge during superovulation induction with sequential use of clomiphene citrate and pulsatile human menopausal gonadotropin [26].
• Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed, and serum glycodelin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 were measured during the follicular and clomiphene-induced luteal phases of menses [27].
• The relationship of the oestrogen and progestin receptors in the abnormal uterus of the adult anovulatory rat. Effects of neonatal treatment with testosterone propionate or clomiphene citrate [28].
• Oral administration of clomiphene resulted in no detectable urinary elimination of the drug or its metabolites; 4-hydroxyclomiphene was the sole detectable elimination product in fecal extracts [29].

Gene context of clomiphene

• The production was inhibited by clomiphene and progesterone, whereas estrogen, cortisol and insulin had no effect on IGFBP-1 secretion [30].
• Using a strain missing the ABC-cassette transporter Snq2, clomiphene had anti-estrogenic activity [31].
• The effect of clomiphene citrate on sex hormone binding globulin in normospermic and oligozoospermic men [32].
• Effects of clomiphene citrate on cytosolic estradiol and progesterone receptor concentrations in secretory endometrium [33].
• Bromocriptine decreased the plasma levels of prolactin (Prl) and this decrease was unaffected by clomiphene [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of clomiphene

• We studied the effects of clomiphene therapy on seizure frequency in 12 women who had clinical and EEG features of complex partial seizures as well as menstrual disorders with reproductive endocrine abnormalities [35].
• Premedication of clomiphene citrate depresses peak values of LH and FSH on LH-RH in delayed puberty [36].
• High-performance affinity chromatography and zonal elution studies were used to examine the binding that takes place between the drug clomiphene and the protein human serum albumin (HSA) [37].
• After treatment with bromocriptine ejaculation was normal, gonadotropin responded slightly to clomiphene and the high level of plasma prolactin returned to normal [38].
• These patients were compared to a control group with known fertility (16 semen donors) and to 34 men with idiopathic infertility (mean sperm concentration 47 million per ml.) treated with clomiphene citrate [39].

References