Disease relevance of Parity

• Neither nulliparity, infertility, late age at first full-term pregnancy, early age at menarche, nor a history of abortion or miscarriage before first full-term pregnancy appeared to influence the occurrence of thyroid cancer [1].
• The ORs for the effect of immunosuppressives on abnormal Pap test occurrence (adjusted for race, age, smoking, nulliparity, OC use and history of STDs) after diagnosis of SLE was 1.6 (95% CI 1.0, 2.7) [2].
• Statistically significant positive univariate associations were found between tumor estrogen receptor protein level and age, postmenopausal status, nulliparity, late age at first birth, cholelithiasis and educational level [3].
• In contrast, PCOS was not a significant predictor for pre-eclampsia, which was merely associated with nulliparity [4].
• RESULTS: By multiple logistic regression, the only risk factors associated with the development of complicated eclampsia were maternal age over 26 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 6.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.17, 18.48), multiparity (adjusted OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.55, 13.60) and no prenatal care (adjusted OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.25, 9.60) [5].

High impact information on Parity

• The factors significantly associated with the choice of Norplant were older age (16.7 years among those who chose Norplant, vs. 16.2 years among those who chose oral contraceptives), multiparity (24 subjects vs. 6 subjects), and previous use of oral contraceptives (34 subjects vs. 21 subjects) [6].
• Miscarriage and multiparity increased risk but only among women who developed thyroid cancer before age 35 years [7].
• Since minor histocompatibility (H) antigens are the main targets of graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia responses, we tested the hypothesis that multiparity could prime minor H antigen-specific T cells [8].
• Multiparity induces priming to male-specific minor histocompatibility antigen, HY, in mice and humans [8].
• This defect in integrin expression was associated with nulliparity, inversely related to the stage of disease, and occurred despite the presence of in-phase histological features [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Parity

• Literature review shows that at best, there are weak negative associations between current estrogen use and RA, and no association with nulliparity and infertility [10].
• As a simulation of etiological factors known for Itai-Itai disease, female mice were subjected to the individual and combined stresses of dietary cadmium, nutrient-deficient diet, multiparity and ovariectomy [11].
• Higher DDE levels were associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but with decreasing level of education, frequency of nulliparity, and frequency of family history of breast cancer [12].
• The known benefits of periconceptional intervention in reducing the incidence of NTD in high risk populations, together with our results, means that mothers with a positive reproductive history for spontaneous abortion and for multiparity are ideal subjects for folic acid periconceptional management [13].
• Maternal age, height, weight, nulliparity, birth weight and route of misoprostol were associated with Cesarean birth, with oral misoprostol being associated with a lower rate of Cesarean birth [14].

Biological context of Parity

• Serum homocysteine levels were compared between groups, as were the baseline characteristics of maternal age, cigarette smoking, nulliparity, infections during pregnancy, and body mass index (BMI) <19.8 kg/m 2 [15].
• CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal cocaine use was statistically associated with multiparity, multigravidity, late-onset and clinic-based prenatal care, public assistance, nonwhite race, and low academic achievement [16].
• Premature delivery (16.1% in PCOS and 6.5% in controls) was explained to a large extent by multiple pregnancies and marginally by nulliparity and PCOS [4].
• Inclusion criteria were: requirement of labor induction, singleton pregnancy, nulliparity, Bishop score <5, gestational age > or =266 [17].
• Grand multiparity: benefits of a referral program for hospital delivery and postpartum tubal ligation [18].

Associations of Parity with chemical compounds

• Potential risk factors that warrant further exploration were low intake of alcohol and vitamin E, higher intake of vitamin C, nulli- or multiparity and use of copper supplements [19].
• The following factors had a larger hazards ratio in those in the upper third of BMD than the low and were statistically significant: femoral neck BMD, nulliparity, age, ultrasound attenuation and speed, prior fracture, urinary deoxypyridinoline, left grip strength and foot coordination [20].
• RESULTS: There was no difference in the incidence of primiparity or the median initial Bishop score between the two study groups [21].
• Weight, exogenous estrogen use, and nulliparity were related to risk of both tumor types [22].
• CONCLUSION: Misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure is highly successful in select women, primarily those with active bleeding and nulliparity [23].

Gene context of Parity

• Multiparity was associated with increased serum MDC (p = 0.017) [24].
• Comparative immunohistochemical study of M-CSF and G-CSF in feto-maternal interface in a multiparity mouse model [25].
• An increased risk was associated with an early age at menarche, a late age at first childbirth, nulliparity, premenopausal status and increasing periods of breast cell mitotic activity (BCMA) prior to the first childbirth [26].
• Most other published studies find no association between nulliparity and RA [10].
• LGA pregnancy status was associated with multiparity, race (being white), and high social status (education) [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Parity

• We wanted to determine whether there was a relationship between nulliparity, infertility, oral contraceptive use, and adverse pregnancy outcome in women with newly diagnosed RA [10].
• Factors associated with increased risk for third- and fourth-degree lacerations were midline episiotomy, nulliparity, second-stage arrest, occipitoposterior position, low or mid station, use of forceps instead of vacuum, use of local anesthesia, and Asian race [28].
• Failed induction followed by caesarean section was related to primiparity (P < 0.0001, Fisher's test) and lower pelvic scores (Bishop score: OR = 0.6; CI, 0.4-0.9) [29].
• Surprisingly, in postmenopausal osteoporotic women the homocysteine (t-Hcy) levels were positively associated with the number of deliveries (multiparity; 6.7 +/- 2.5), and positively associated with the number of curettages (2.6 +/- 1.9), r = 0.401, p < 0.038 and r = 0.520, p < 0.029, respectively [30].
• In multivariable analyses, older age (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.07-1.09), multiparity (OR 1.6, 1.14-2.2), self-reported polycystic ovary syndrome (OR 3.3, 1.81-5.9), chronic pelvic pain (OR 3.2, 2.1-4.9), irritable bowel syndrome (OR 1.8, 1.3-3.1) and premenstrual syndrome (OR 1.6, 1.1-2.3) were associated with prior hysterectomy [31].

References