Disease relevance of Otitis

• The increasing incidence of Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. A cause of otitis media [1].
• However, ciprofloxacin is inappropriate initial therapy for common outpatient infections, including otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia [2].
• Reasons for discontinuing cyclosporin A included exposure to chicken pox (varicella), non-resolving otitis media, incomplete or no response and relapse [3].
• Data from epidemiology studies indicate that 25% to 40% of upper respiratory infections in children younger than 3 years are accompanied by an episode of otitis media, 40% to 50% of children older than 3 years with chronic otitis media have confirmed allergic rhinitis [4].
• Xylitol is effective in preventing acute otitis media by inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae [5].

High impact information on Otitis

• We conclude that in infants and children with otitis media with effusion, amoxicillin treatment increases to some extent the likelihood of resolution [6].
• We studied the efficacy of adenoidectomy in 213 children who had received tympanostomy-tube placement because of persistent and/or recurrent otitis media and had again developed otitis media after tubal extrusion [7].
• Quantitative nasopharyngeal cultures were particularly useful in predicting the presence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae and group A streptococci as causative agents in otitis media [8].
• Thirty-one of 35 patients with resistant H influenzae otitis were treated with an erythromycin/sulfisoxazole combination with an impressive clinical response [1].
• Cephalexin monohydrate suspension. Treatment of otitis media [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Otitis

• Currently, 8% of all cases of acute otitis media in the Washington, DC, area are due to H influenzae resistant to ampicillin [1].
• LPS prepared by hot phenol water extraction of each of the strains contained 45% (pneumonia isolate) and 60% (otitis isolate) lipid (wt/wt), 49% and 50% carbohydrate (wt/wt), respectively, and less than 1%, 3-deoxy-manno octulosonic acid [10].
• Randomised study of myringotomy, amoxycillin/clavulanate, or both for acute otitis media in infants [11].
• All animals developed acute bacterial otitis media that persisted for up to 3 wk, whereas isogenic sialic acid-deficient mutants (disrupted sialyltransferase or CMP-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase genes) were profoundly attenuated [12].
• Loracarbef is a new oral antimicrobial of the carbacephem class with in vitro activity against the common pathogens associated with skin infections, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchopulmonary infections, and urinary tract infections [13].

Biological context of Otitis

• Here we show that nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, a major human bacterial pathogen of otitis media and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, strongly induces up-regulation of MUC5AC mucin via activation of the Toll-like receptor 2-MyD88-dependent p38 path-way [14].
• Children with frequent recurrent episodes of otitis media may have a deficient IgG2 antibody response to polysaccharide antigens [15].
• Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in pediatric patients with acute otitis media [16].
• 74 children with acute otitis media (AOM) were entered into an observer-blind randomised multicentre general practice study to compare the efficacy and safety of the new third generation oral cephalosporin, cefetamet pivoxil, at a dose of 10 mg/kg twice daily with the efficacy and safety of cefaclor 10 mg/kg twice daily administered for 10 days [17].
• The children were 69.4% male and had recurrent otitis media (77.6%), wheezing (61.2%), and atopy (26.5%) [18].

Anatomical context of Otitis

• Middle ear effusions from patients with chronic or recurrent otitis media have been found to contain dramatically increased concentrations of histamine relative to the concentrations in their plasma [19].
• These data suggest a hyperresponsiveness of the nasopharyngeal and/or tubal mucosa to histamine in subjects with AR that may predispose these patients to otitis media with effusion [20].
• Streptococcus pneumoniae, a major causative agent of otitis media, and Streptococcus pyogenes A produce molecularly related toxins, pneumolysin and streptolysin O (SLO), that form large pores in target membranes [21].
• Results suggest that pneumococcal otitis media pathogenesis is triggered principally by the inflammatory effects of intact and lytic cell wall products in the middle ear, with at most a modes additional pneumolysin effect [22].
• The presence of pneumococcal antigen in middle ear exudates during acute otitis media was studied by latex agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis [23].

Gene context of Otitis

• Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important human pathogen that causes chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) in children and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults [24].
• IL-1alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-10 mRNA levels peaked at 6 h for NTHi otitis and 1 to 3 days for pneumococcal otitis [25].
• MUC5B and MUC4 mucin genes were upregulated 4.2- and 6-fold, respectively, in middle ears with chronic otitis media (COM) or mucoid otitis media (MOM) [26].
• IFN-gamma genotype was related to severity of lower respiratory illness, duration of ICU stay, and frequency of otitis media [27].
• Interleukin-8 expression in otitis media [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Otitis

• An animal model was used to determine whether vaccination with the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae could alter the development of experimental otitis media induced by the same type of S. pneumoniae as the vaccine [29].
• Intranasal vaccination with recombinant P6 protein and adamantylamide dipeptide as mucosal adjuvant confers efficient protection against otitis media and lung infection by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae [30].
• Extensive data from randomised clinical trials confirm the efficacy of ceftriaxone in serious and difficult-to-treat community-acquired infections including meningitis, pneumonia and nonresponsive acute otitis media [31].
• These results suggest that technetium and gallium scintigraphy are more sensitive than radiographs and CT scans for early detection of malignant external otitis [32].
• Screening of the isolates with six HMW-specific monoclonal antibodies in a whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the HMW proteins of COPD isolates and carrier isolates were more distinct from the HMW proteins from H. influenzae strain 12 than those from otitis media isolates [33].

References