Disease relevance of ceftriaxone

• CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute disseminated Lyme disease but without meningitis, oral doxycycline and parenterally administered ceftriaxone were equally effective in preventing the late manifestations of disease [1].
• Ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella infection acquired by a child from cattle [2].
• Meningitis due to ceftriaxone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae [3].
• We conclude that ceftriaxone is superior to cefuroxime for the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis in children and that the benefits of milder hearing impairment and more rapid sterilization of the cerebrospinal fluid with ceftriaxone outweigh the problem of reversible biliary pseudolithiasis with this drug [4].
• In the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea, a single dose of cefixime (400 or 800 mg) given orally appears to be as effective as the currently recommended regimen of ceftriaxone (250 mg given intramuscularly) [5].

Psychiatry related information on ceftriaxone

• Organisms were seen on the Gram stain of one patient treated with ceftriaxone, but five patients in the traditional therapy group had organisms present on Gram stain of uncentrifuged spinal fluid or positive cultures of the spinal fluid (or both) [6].
• Increased mortality and spatial memory deficits in TNF-alpha-deficient mice in ceftriaxone-treated experimental pneumococcal meningitis [7].

High impact information on ceftriaxone

• Sixteen percent of the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, the drug of choice for treating salmonellosis in children [8].
• METHODS: We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and analysis of plasmids and beta-lactamases to compare the ceftriaxone-resistant S. enterica serotype typhimurium from the child with four isolates of this strain obtained from cattle during a local outbreak of salmonellosis [2].
• Resistance to ceftriaxone and the fluoroquinolones, which are used to treat invasive salmonella infections, is rare in the United States. We analyzed the molecular characteristics of a ceftriaxone-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolated from a 12-year-old boy with fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea [2].
• Resistance to ceftriaxone, the drug of choice for invasive salmonella disease, is a public health concern, especially with respect to children, since fluoroquinolones, which can also be used to treat this disease, are not approved for use in children [2].
• Pseudolithiasis and intractable hiccups in a boy receiving ceftriaxone [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of ceftriaxone

• Because of the widespread existence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to penicillin or tetracycline, ceftriaxone is now recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea [5].
• CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone are appropriate empirical therapy for suspected typhoid fever; however, resistance may be anticipated [10].
• CONTEXT: Ceftriaxone, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, is an antimicrobial agent commonly used to treat severe Salmonella infections, especially in children [11].
• A 7-day course of ampicillin, cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone is sufficient in Hib, Mnc, or Pnc meningitis [12].
• Randomised comparison of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone for childhood bacterial meningitis. Finnish Study Group [12].

Biological context of ceftriaxone

• Both ceftriaxone-resistant isolates were resistant to 13 antimicrobial agents; all but one of the resistance determinants were on a conjugative plasmid of 160 kb that encoded the functional group 1 beta-lactamase CMY-2 [2].
• When APC were preincubated with ceftriaxone, a rapid downregulation of the TCR and cytokine secretion was observed, suggesting a stable presentation of a covalently modified peptide [13].
• Variability of ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics in hospitalized patients with severe infections [14].
• Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in patients with renal and liver insufficiency and correlations with a physiologic nonlinear protein binding model [15].
• In vitro chemotaxis was markedly inhibited both in the presence of and after 30 minutes of exposure to 40 micrograms/ml of ceftriaxone [16].

Anatomical context of ceftriaxone

• Ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder sludge: what's in a name [17]?
• It was concluded that the development of ceftriaxone-induced biliary sludge is a solubility problem that occurs in patients receiving high-dose treatment (greater than or equal to 2 g) [18].
• Biliary secretion of unbiotransformed ceftriaxone occurs at high concentrations; secondary Ca2+ entry results in the formation of supersaturated canalicular bile and subsequent precipitation as a calcium salt in the biliary tract [19].
• Ceftriaxone for once-a-day therapy of urinary tract infections [20].
• The in vivo effects of ceftriaxone on neutrophil functions and T-cell subsets were investigated before and 30 minutes after injection on the first and third days [16].

Associations of ceftriaxone with other chemical compounds

• Ironically, the very low level of resistance to the current primary treatment strategy in the United States, ceftriaxone or another potent cephalosporin, makes the use of AST somewhat superfluous [21].
• Patients who had persistent arthritis for at least 3 months after treatment with oral antibiotics or parenteral penicillin were given intravenous ceftriaxone for 2 weeks [22].
• Suitable empirical antimicrobial regimens for inpatient pneumonia include an intravenous beta-lactam, such as cefuroxime, ceftriaxone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, or a combination of ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium plus a macrolide [23].
• Antibiotic prophylaxis in biliary tract surgery. Ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone [24].
• A skin window technique was used to investigate the ability of three of the newer cephalosporins, moxalactam, cefoperazone, and ceftriaxone, to enter the interstitial fluid of normal, healthy volunteers [25].

Gene context of ceftriaxone

• With ceftriaxone therapy, none of the wt but 27% of the TLR2(-/-) mice died (P<.04) [26].
• When Hib was used, animals were treated with ceftriaxone and dexamethasone with or without IL-10 (1 mg/kg) [27].
• Cefodizime did not affect IL-8 production and ceftriaxone had no influence on cytokine production [28].
• The respective effects or combined effect of ceftriaxone (Ctri) and IL-10 on host response was studied in a mouse model of lethal pneumococcal pneumonia [29].
• Mutant 7F2 of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium has a transposon inserted in the regulator gene baeR of a two-component system and showed a more-than-fourfold reduction in resistance to ceftriaxone [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ceftriaxone

• In a randomized, unblinded multicenter study of 209 men and 124 women with uncomplicated gonorrhea, we compared three single-dose treatment regimens: 400 mg or 800 mg of cefixime, administered orally, and 250 mg of ceftriaxone administered intramuscularly [5].
• Reversible biliary pseudolithiasis was detected by serial abdominal ultrasonography only in the children treated with ceftriaxone (16 of 35 vs. 0 of 35; P less than 0.001) [4].
• The geometric mean minimum inhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone for 79 pre-treatment isolates of N gonorrhoeae was 0.0058 microgram/ml, and all strains were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.063 micrograms/ml [31].
• On further analysis using thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and electron microprobe analysis, the residue was identified as a calcium salt of ceftriaxone [32].
• Of the 10 treated with penicillin, 5 were judged treatment failures; of the 13 who received ceftriaxone, only 1 did not respond [33].

References