Disease relevance of Genes, Synthetic

• A synthetic gene encoding the protein sequence of mature bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) has been cloned into a novel E. coli expression vector [1].
• The synthetic gene coding for the precursor of the cysteine protease papain (EC 3.4.22.2) has been expressed using the baculovirus/insect cell system [2].
• We show here that p53 also suppresses the transcription of a presenilin-1 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter synthetic gene in transient infection assays in neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines [3].
• A synthetic gene consisting of the reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pol was constructed using codons most frequently used in humans [4].
• Expression of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A coded by a synthetic gene in Bacillus subtilis [5].

High impact information on Genes, Synthetic

• From a pair of highly homologous mesophilic and thermophilic adenylate kinases, we generated a series of chimeric enzymes using a previously undescribed method with synthetic genes [6].
• [alpha-(15)N]Lysine-labeled rhodopsin, prepared by expression of a synthetic gene in HEK293 cells, was investigated both by conventional and transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy-type heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy [7].
• We demonstrate that Pho85 controls the expression of not only previously identified glycogen synthetic genes, but also a significant regulon of genes involved in the cellular response to environmental stress [8].
• The effects of metalloprotease inhibitors could be reversed by either adding exogenous EGF or by expressing an artificial gene for EGF that lacked a membrane-anchoring domain [9].
• Synthetic genes for glycoprotein design and the elucidation of hydroxyproline-O-glycosylation codes [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Genes, Synthetic

• The synthetic gene encodes a cysteine-free, bioengineered rIL-6 protein that is expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli as a tripartite fusion protein [11].
• All enzymes were fusion products produced by joining the synthetic gene at specific restriction sites to the synthetic gene for human growth hormone in a plasmid containing the E. coli trp promoter [12].
• A library of synthetic genes encoding 80- to 100-residue proteins composed mainly of random combinations of glutamine (Q), leucine (L), and arginine (R) has been expressed in Escherichia coli [13].
• The 15 kD tat protein was produced from this synthetic gene in E. coli upon IPTG induction [14].
• Using a mutant protein obtained from the overexpression in Escherichia coli of a synthetic gene in which Asp14, the putative ligand to the removable Fe, has been changed to Cys, we have studied the cluster interconversion properties of the labile cluster [15].

Biological context of Genes, Synthetic

• We have replaced histidine-63 with a methionine residue by cassette mutagenesis, utilizing specific restriction enzyme sites engineered into the synthetic gene [16].
• Validation of RNAi silencing specificity using synthetic genes: salicylic acid-binding protein 2 is required for innate immunity in plants [17].
• Sterol regulatory element-binding protein family as global regulators of lipid synthetic genes in energy metabolism [18].
• To facilitate the mutagenesis process, a synthetic gene encompassing the first two domains of ICAM-1 was constructed which incorporated 27 additional restriction sites to allow mutagenesis by oligonucleotide replacement [19].
• Many of the deduced amino acid sequences were similar to the gene products of the polysaccharide synthetic genes of other bacteria [20].

Anatomical context of Genes, Synthetic

• The antibodies bound specifically to native glucagon receptor as judged by immunofluorescence microscopy of cultured cells expressing a synthetic gene for the receptor [21].
• We report that murine NIH 3T3 cells transfected with a synthetic gene encoding FGF-1 secrete FGF-1 into their conditioned medium in response to heat shock [22].
• A Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably expressing a recombinant human D4 dopamine receptor made from a synthetic gene has been used to determine potential D4-mediated signaling events [23].
• A synthetic gene encoding the platelet-derived factor, connective tissue activating peptide-III (CTAP-III) (Castor, C.W., Miller, J.W., and Walz, D.A. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 80, 765-769), has been expressed and secreted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using a yeast expression vector and an alpha-factor leader segment [24].
• A synthetic gene coding for PTPase was transfected and expressed in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts [25].

Associations of Genes, Synthetic with chemical compounds

• Upon induction with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside, the flavodoxin polypeptide was expressed from the artificial gene to levels approaching 20% of total extractable proteins using either expression system [26].
• To gain insight into the structural requirements for tyrosine sulfation in vivo, we have constructed and expressed an artificial gene encoding a polypeptide substrate for tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase [27].
• Construction of a synthetic gene with optimized codon usage and expression as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein followed by purification yielded milligram amounts of polypeptide with two extra residues appended to the N terminus [28].
• With the amino terminal region reconstituted with adenine-rich degenerate codons, the mid and carboxyl regions of the synthetic gene were also reconstructed to imitate the E. coli-favored codon degeneracy [29].
• In the synthetic gene of the former the sequence coding for amino acid residues 76-102 was replaced by that for bovine alpha-lactalbumin 72-97, which represents the Ca(2+)-binding loop and the central helix C [30].

Gene context of Genes, Synthetic

• Through a synthetic gene array analysis, genes that are essential when Srs2 is absent have been identified [31].
• This agent is a fusion toxin and the product of a synthetic gene, engineered by replacing the codons for the receptor-binding domain of diphtheria toxin (DT) with the codons for human interleukin-2 (IL-2) [32].
• To identify the reactive Cys residue involved in the ADP-ribosylation, we performed cassette mutagenesis at three different positions (Cys59, Cys119, and Cys274) using synthetic genes of hGDH isozymes [33].
• Using oligo site-directed mutagenesis, we have modified our synthetic gene for human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to replace all four cysteine codons with serine codons [34].
• A synthetic gene coding for human interleukin-13 has been prepared and cloned into expression vector pEE12 [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Genes, Synthetic

• While Northern blot analysis of IL-2 mRNA from each genetic construct demonstrated equivalent message half-lives, immunoblot and bioactivity analyses showed the synthetic gene to direct the synthesis of up to 16 times more IL-2 than the native cDNA sequence [36].
• Site-directed mutagenesis of a synthetic gene coding for low-M(r) phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase from bovine liver has been carried out [37].
• Here we report the first crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of the heme-Hmu O complex formed from hemin and a recombinant Hmu O, which was expressed in Escherichia coli from a synthetic gene based on the putative hmu O gene sequence [38].
• The synthetic gene was then cloned into the expression vector pET-32a(+) and the fusion protein Trx-CTX MVIIA containing 6x His-tag was purified by one-step metal chelated affinity chromatography (MCAC) [39].
• In this review, we describe the properties of several viral and synthetic gene delivery systems, and evaluate their possible application in gene therapy of CF [40].

References