Disease relevance of Bacterial Translocation

• CONCLUSIONS: Portal hypertension promotes bacterial translocation, especially in relationship to acute hemorrhage [1].
• Interferon gamma-mediated bacterial translocation was abolished by pretreatment with the cholesterol-disrupting drugs filipin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, whereas these agents had no effect on infection of Caco-2 by the enteric pathogen Shigella sonnei [2].
• Selective intestinal decontamination with norfloxacin reduces bacterial translocation in ascitic cirrhotic rats exposed to hemorrhagic shock [3].
• Effect of propranolol on the factors promoting bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites [4].
• CONCLUSION: This study is the first to show that high-fat enteral nutrition, leading to increased plasma triacylglycerol and apolipoprotein B levels, significantly decreases endotoxemia and bacterial translocation after hemorrhage [5].

High impact information on Bacterial Translocation

• Studies of bacterial translocation in two models of human skin indicated that cell signalling triggered by interaction of the GAS capsule with CD44 opened intercellular junctions and promoted tissue penetration by GAS through a paracellular route [6].
• Role of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor in bacterial translocation and intestinal inflammation [7].
• Here, we investigated the impact of bacterial translocation (BT) to MLNs on TNF-alpha production, vascular NO release, and contractility in the mesenteric vasculature of ascitic cirrhotic rats [8].
• Bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats stimulates eNOS-derived NO production and impairs mesenteric vascular contractility [8].
• Mucosal injury and endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation were reduced by inhibition (allopurinol) or inactivation (tung-sten diet) of xanthine oxidase activity (P less than 0.01), but were not affected by the platelet-activation factor antagonists, SRI 63-441 or BN 52021 [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Bacterial Translocation

• SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Dietary arginine will improve resistance to infection but its role in transfusion-induced immunosuppression and bacterial translocation (gut-derived sepsis) has not been defined [10].
• The aim of this prospective and randomised study was to assess the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on the incidence of bacterial translocation, gastric colonisation, and septic complications in elective surgical patients [11].
• CONCLUSIONS: Loss of intestinal barrier function plays a major role in nutritionally induced bacterial translocation, and the loss of mucosal barrier function to both E. coli and phenol red appeared greater in the IV-TPN than the elemental diet-fed rats [12].
• Angiotensin II inhibitor DuP753 attenuates burn- and endotoxin-induced gut ischemia, lipid peroxidation, mucosal permeability, and bacterial translocation [13].
• These findings suggest that 1) both direct bacterial translocation from the gut and hematogenous seeding interplay in pancreatic infection while hematogenous seeding is dominant at extrapancreatic sites and 2) imipenem may be useful in clinical pancreatitis [14].

Biological context of Bacterial Translocation

• On the fourth week, each mouse was injected lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneally (50 micrograms/500 microliters) and the incidence of bacterial translocation, caecal bacterial populations, and the ileal histology, noted 48 hours later [15].
• Concomitant theophylline and FDP addition to preservation solution is recommended to maintain low levels of apoptosis during intestinal hypothermic preservation and to decrease bacterial translocation [16].
• Serum cytokine levels, sepsis-related down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex II and CD14 expression on leukocytes, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia were further parameters evaluated in the study [17].
• Other indicators of local and systemic inflammation included wet:dry weight ratios of lung, liver, kidneys, spleen, and bowel; peripheral blood hematocrit, white blood cell count, and platelet count; lung myeloperoxidase activity; lung protein leak; and bacterial translocation to liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes [18].
• Vitamin A deficiency leads to severe functional disturbance of the intestinal epithelium enzymes associated with diarrhoea and increased bacterial translocation in gnotobiotic rats [19].

Anatomical context of Bacterial Translocation

• The role of cryptdin in small bowel physiology remains to be determined: cryptdin may inhibit bacterial translocation, modulate intestinal hormone synthesis, influence hormonal sensitivity of the intestinal epithelium, or exhibit a multiplicity of related activities [20].
• OBJECTIVE: The central question tested in this study was whether dichloromethylene-diphosphonate (CL2MDP) liposome-mediated elimination of hepatic and splenic macrophages would influence zymosan-induced bacterial translocation and the zymosan-induced generalized inflammatory response [21].
• Allopurinol and glutamine attenuate bacterial translocation in chronic portal hypertensive and common bile duct ligated growing rats [22].
• Glutamine deprivation facilitates tumour necrosis factor induced bacterial translocation in Caco-2 cells by depletion of enterocyte fuel substrate [23].
• RESULTS: Main outcome measures were: endotoxin and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations in plasma, evidence of bacterial translocation in blood and peritoneum, and lethality [24].

Associations of Bacterial Translocation with chemical compounds

• Because the inhibition or inactivation of xanthine oxidase activity reduced both the extent of mucosal injury and endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation, the effect of endotoxin on the gut appears to be mediated, at least to some degree, by xanthine oxidase-generated, oxygen-free radicals [9].
• Norfloxacin was administered to reduce intestinal bacterial translocation [25].
• Treatment with the selective iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine, inhibited iNOS enzymatic activity and overproduction of NO2-/NO3-. LPS-induced bacterial translocation was reduced by aminoguanidine [26].
• CONCLUSIONS: Urinary nitrate excretion is a quantitative, noninvasive biomarker of intestinal bacterial translocation, which can be used to follow the course of a systemic infection [27].
• The peak incidence of bacterial translocation occurred 4 days after the ricinoleic acid treatment [28].

Gene context of Bacterial Translocation

• Bacterial translocation was not increased and H. bilis was not detectable in Mdr2(-/-) [29].
• To test this hypothesis, we determined whether macrophage sequestration, lung iNOS expression and activity, and HPS severity were decreased after norfloxacin was given for 5 weeks to prevent Gram-negative bacterial translocation in rats with common bile duct ligation-induced cirrhosis [30].
• Pneumococci colocalized with PAFr on endothelial cells and PAFr-/- mice showed a substantially impaired ability to support bacterial translocation, particularly from blood to brain [31].
• We hypothesized that in patients with chronic heart failure mesenteric venous congestion leads to increased bowel permeability, bacterial translocation, and thereby endotoxin release; the increased endotoxin challenge then causes immune activation with increased soluble CD14 levels and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production [32].
• GLP-2 reduces gut permeability, bacterial translocation and proinflammatory cytokine expression under conditions of intestinal inflammation and injury [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Bacterial Translocation

• OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that gut stasis induced by parenteral morphine sulfate (MS) leads to enhanced bacterial translocation in rats on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) [34].
• L-NAME potentiated the LI, as indicated by elevation of liver enzymes and bilirubin, and it also increased bacterial translocation and the cecal and colonic bacterial count [35].
• Administration of nitric oxide with caspase inhibitors minimizes bacterial translocation in experimental intestinal transplantation [36].
• These results indicate that Gln-enriched TPN improves mucosal structure and glucose absorption and reduces bacterial translocation to MLN in the orthotopic small bowel isograft [37].
• Consumption of intestinal hypoxanthine during reperfusion was lowest in the groups treated with F16BP, as was the incidence of bacterial translocation [38].

References