Disease relevance of Lyzs

• Later in the infection, other cells in the red and white pulp of the spleen, and cells in granulomas in the liver, become lysozyme-positive [1].
• RESULTS: Min-mice intestinal adenomas had an increased number of lysozyme-producing Paneth/goblet and non-Paneth cells and a reduced number of enterochromaffin cells [2].
• Thus, it is suggested that LZM might regulate the systemic inflammation induced during Gram-negative bacterial infections by inhibiting the release of cytokines in serum [3].
• Increased inflammation in lysozyme M-deficient mice in response to Micrococcus luteus and its peptidoglycan [4].
• Mouse lysozyme M is important in pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection [5].

Psychiatry related information on Lyzs

• Comparison of kcat in catalysis by Lys 91 and Tyr 131 and the corresponding double mutant showed a strong antagonistic interaction between these sites, suggesting a cooperative behavior in facilitating the proton-transfer step of catalysis [6].
• Based on sequence homology to other known antibodies, we further demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies 1A3-2 and 3F7-8 bind lysozyme and the Sm ribonucleoproteins, respectively, in addition to their binding to the 16/6 Id [7].

High impact information on Lyzs

• Mutant CD4 molecules were introduced into T cells that lacked endogenous CD4 but expressed TCRs specific for lysozyme peptides or the superantigen SEA bound to Ab or Abm12 class II MHC molecules [8].
• Accordingly, we expressed in L cells mutant uvomorulin with a replacement of Asp to Lys or Ala [9].
• Cloned pre-B and B cell lines changed into either mature or immature macrophages as assessed by morphology, adherence, phagocytic activity, surface markers, and lysozyme production, but retained clonotypic immunoglobulin gene rearrangements [10].
• Rearranged beta T cell receptor genes in a helper T cell clone specific for lysozyme: no correlation between V beta and MHC restriction [11].
• Clones (MGI+D-) that were less inducible by MGI for Fc and C3 rosettes and lysozyme and were not induced to from mature cells were also less inducible higher virus production [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Lyzs

• MATERIALS AND METHODS: The presence of Paneth and enterochromaffin cells in normal intestine and adenomas from Min-mice was studied in sections stained with lysozyme/PAS and connexin32 [2].
• In a typical preparation, 20 g of E. coli cells expressing the plasmid encoding IL6-PE4E were treated with lysozyme and washed repeatedly with detergent (Triton X-100), to obtain 500 mg of inclusion bodies [13].
• Increased resistance to Staphylococcus aureus infection and enhancement in serum lysozyme activity by glucan [14].
• Retinoic acid, retinol, retinyl acetate, and retinal induced activities of lysosomal enzymes, such as lysozyme, acid protease, and acid phosphatase, in mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1), while the pyridyl analog of retinoic acid had no effect [15].
• In a search for a basic carboxypeptidase that might work in concert with the major virulence factors, the Arg- and Lys-specific cysteine endoproteinases of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a novel 69.8-kDa metallocarboxypeptidase CPG70 was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture fluid of P. gingivalis HG66 [16].

Biological context of Lyzs

• Lysozyme is an inducible marker of macrophage activation in murine tissues as demonstrated by in situ hybridization [1].
• Repetitive sequence involvement in the duplication and divergence of mouse lysozyme genes [17].
• The lysozyme genes have assumed these markedly different characteristics following their generation by gene duplication 30-50 million years ago [17].
• The discovery of the lysozyme P gene only 5 kb upstream from the M gene in tandem repeat has enabled an investigation of the molecular basis of their duplication and subsequent divergence [17].
• Disruption of the lysozyme M locus significantly increased bacterial burden and mortality following intratracheal infection with a Gram-negative bacterium [18].

Anatomical context of Lyzs

• This study demonstrates the induction of lysozyme mRNA expression in situ in tissue macrophages (M phi) of mice following in vivo stimulation [1].
• Kupffer cells are rarely lysozyme-positive [1].
• The molecular and genetic basis of large differences in the concentration of P lysozyme in the small intestine has been investigated by crossing inbred strains of two species of house mouse (genus Mus) [19].
• Intestinal adenomas of Min-mice lack enterochromaffin cells, and have increased lysozyme production in non-Paneth cells [2].
• Insertion of enhanced green fluorescent protein into the lysozyme gene creates mice with green fluorescent granulocytes and macrophages [20].

Associations of Lyzs with chemical compounds

• This was achieved by knocking the enhanced GFP (EGFP) gene into the murine lysozyme M (lys) locus and using a targeting vector, which contains a neomycin resistant (neo) gene flanked by LoxP sites and "splinked" ends, to increase the frequency of homologous recombination [20].
• Flow cytometric sorting of isolated stromal mononuclear cells (SMNCs), on the basis of M-lysozyme and specific macrophage marker expression, demonstrated that macrophages, neutrophils and non-myelomonocytic cells all contributed to lamina propria prostaglandin (PG) E(2) synthesis [21].
• RESULTS: Two Lys residues at amino acids 49 and 87 in the STAT3 NH2 terminus are acetylated by p300 [22].
• Residues with side chains capable of participating in hydrogen bond formation, including Glu, Asp, and to a lesser extent, Gln, His and Lys, were able to substitute for the activating Arg380 mutation [23].
• Untreated M1Egr-1 cells also exhibited cell adherence, expression of Fc and C3 receptors, and upregulation of the myeloid differentiation primary response genes c-Jun, junD, and junB and the late genetic markers ferritin light-chain and lysozyme [24].

Physical interactions of Lyzs

• Anergic hen egg lysozyme autoantigen-binding B cells are also shown to have slightly elevated RGS1 and RGS2 expression [25].
• Positive selection of major histocompatibility complex-restricted suppressor T cells bearing the predominant idiotype in the immune response to lysozyme [26].
• Radiolabeled lysozyme was internalized more rapidly and to a greater extent when bound to alpha 2M than when unbound [27].

Regulatory relationships of Lyzs

• Lysozyme regulates LPS-induced interleukin-6 release in mice [3].
• We examined, therefore, whether synchronization of M1 cells in the G1 phase could affect G-CSF-induced differentiation as quantitated by expression of Fc fragment receptors (FcR) and lysozyme activity [28].
• In vitro culture with Cr2+/+ MD4 B cells demonstrated that equimolar amounts of rHEL-C3d3 were more effective than hen egg lysozyme alone in up-regulating c-FLIP levels and for protection against CD95-mediated apoptosis [29].
• Using LysM-Cre mice we show that lysozyme expressing cells give rise to the IVS and to a part of the left ventricular free wall, demonstrating that these heart regions are developmentally related [30].
• To explore this issue we generated mice with B cell hyperactivity secondary to deficiency in the src kinase Lyn that also expressed a gene-targeted anti-hen egg lysozyme Ig construct (VDJkappa) capable of class switching to all isotypes [31].

Other interactions of Lyzs

• However, LIF (or OSM)-induced macrophage differentiation was perturbed; there was failure to undergo morphologic differentiation, disturbed expression of lysozyme and Mac1 alpha, and failure to suppress proliferation [32].
• Isolated small intestinal crypts from Min mice had markedly increased secretion of both lysozyme and matrilysin compared with wild-type mice [33].
• Cathepsin D, but not cathepsin B, releases T cell stimulatory fragments from lysozyme that are functional in the context of multiple murine class II MHC molecules [34].
• CSF-1, when applied alone, induces some M1D+ adherence and the up-regulation of lysozyme M, a macrophage-specific marker [35].
• Replacing factor-dependency with that for lysozyme: affordable culture of IL-6-dependent hybridoma by transfecting artificial cell surface receptor [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Lyzs

• The resting resident tissue M phi of most tissues do not contain enough lysozyme mRNA to be detected by in situ hybridization using 35S-labeled RNA probes [1].
• Muramidase activity in lysozyme M-/- mice was associated with increased lysozyme P mRNA and protein in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid respectively [18].
• Mice received an intraarticular injection of either zymosan, to elicit an irritant-induced inflammation, or poly-L-lysine coupled lysozyme, to evoke an immune-complex mediated inflammation in passively immunized mice [37].
• DEODAN is a lysozyme lysate from Lactobacillus bulgaricus for oral administration which has shown antitumor activity in mice and humans [38].
• Amputation of a suppressor determinant on lysozyme reveals underlying T-cell reactivity to other determinants [39].

References