Disease relevance of scandium

• The complex containing scandium exerts a bacteriostatic effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae in serum, whereas the indium complex induces a large increase in the generation time [1].
• Association between toenail scandium levels and risk of acute myocardial infarction in European men: the EURAMIC and Heavy Metals Study [2].
• After adjustment for BMI, history of hypertension, smoking, alcohol intake, diabetes, family history of CHD, beta-carotene, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, mercury and scandium, the OR for the highest quintile was 1.43 (95% CI 0.85-2.41; p-trend 0.08) [3].
• Using a pig model of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and the reference sample method with 113Tin and 46 Scandium labelled microspheres, blood flow to organs was determined before and five hours after the induction of pancreatitis [4].
• The trace elements antimony, bromine, cesium, cobalt, iron, rubidium, scandium, strontium and zinc were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis in breast tissue samples with fibrocystic disease and in samples with fibroadenoma tumors [5].

High impact information on scandium

• Trace element concentration in human brain. Activation analysis of cobalt, iron, rubidium, selenium, zinc, chromium, silver, cesium, antimony and scandium [6].
• Both concentration and enantiomeric composition of a wide range of chiral substrates can be determined with high accuracy by two simple competitive binding assays using a scandium complex derived from 1,8-bis(3-(3',5'-dimethylphenyl)-9-acridyl)naphthalene N,N'-dioxide [7].
• The scandium dihydrosilyl complexes Cp*(2)ScSiH(2)R (R = Mes (4), Trip (5), SiPh(3) (6), Si(SiMe(3))(3) (7); Mes = 2,4,6-Me(3)C(6)H(2), Trip = 2,4,6-(i)()Pr(3)C(6)H(2)) and Cp*(2)ScSiH(SiMe(3))(2) (8) were synthesized by addition of the appropriate hydrosilane to Cp*(2)ScMe (1) [8].
• The kinetic fluorescence measurement revealed that aluminium, beryllium, and gallium ions, when complexed with the fluoride ion and ADP, induced a biphasic fluorescence change of pyrenyl GroEL, while scandium and vanadate ions did not induce any kinetically observed change in fluorescence [9].
• The blocking of Ga -67 plasma protein-binding sites-by administration of scandium citrate, ferric citrate, and a colloidal hydrous ferric oxide preparation-reduced the uptake of Ga-67 in normal soft tissues and also that in the viable portion of an experimental abscess [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of scandium

• Previous work showed that complexes of enterochelin containing either scandium (Sc3+) or indium (In3+) exerted a bacteriostatic effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae in serum, whilst the Sc3+ complex exerted a significant therapeutic effect on mice infected with K. pneumoniae [11].

Biological context of scandium

• Previous studies of the effect of scandium on the tissue distribution of Ga-67 suggest that Ga-67 makes its initial in vivo entry into normal and malignant tissues by different routes [12].
• These effects result from the blocking by scandium of Ga-67 plasma-protein binding sites, which forces Ga-67 into an unbound or loosely bound state [13].
• [reaction: see text] A scandium triflate catalyzed, diastereoselective cyclization between aldehydes and beta-hydroxy dioxinones has been discovered [14].
• In order to evaluate possible toxic effects of scandium, chromium, lanthanum, samarium, europium, dysprosium, terbium, thulium, and ytterbium oxides, and barium sulfate upon growth, general development, reproduction, and lactation, mice were fed different levels of these compounds for three generations [15].
• The molecular structure of the scandium compound 4 shows a complex polynuclear heterobimetallic arrangement [16].

Anatomical context of scandium

• Measurements of altered activity of soluble acetylcholinesterase from E. electricus electric organ by the inorganic cations aluminum, scandium and yttrium demonstrate that these ions are noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors [17].
• Mean concentrations of toenail scandium were 6.74 micro/kg in cases and 7.75 microg/kg in controls [2].

Associations of scandium with other chemical compounds

• The cations studied included the chloride salts of lanthanum, terbium, yttrium and scandium in low and high ionic strength buffers (2 mM Pipes +/- 0.1 M NaCl) [18].
• Scandium triflate was identified as the most reactive promoter, and it was found that addition of lithium perchlorate was necessary for synthetically useful catalytic cyclizations [19].
• Modification of radiation sensitivity by salts of the metals beryllium and indium and the rare earths cerium, lanthanum and scandium [20].
• The molecular structures of a number of 2,6-dimesitylphenyl-based (2,6-dimesitylphenyl = Dmp) complexes of the group 3 elements scandium and yttrium as well as of the lanthanide element ytterbium are reported [21].
• Neutron activation analysis was used as the analytical method for determination for both scandium, and caesium [22].

Gene context of scandium

• With a catalytic amount of scandium triflate (1% mol), CTVs were obtained with yields similar to or higher than those reported previously in reactions run under strong acidic conditions [23].
• Our results suggest that toenail scandium level is associated with a reduced risk of acute MI, but we are uncertain whether this element can really play a protective role in the development of CHD [2].
• XRF, NMR, XRD, TGA and FT-IR shows that scandium (Sc3+) has been isomorphously substituted into the zeolite framework [24].
• The number of binding scandium ions changes depending on temperature, causing a remarkable color change associated with the change in the ESR spectra [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of scandium

• Intramolecular structure of the scandium dimetallofullerene (Sc(2)@C(84)) has been clearly revealed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy with the single-atom sensitivity [26].
• Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analyses were performed on the first-row transition metal oxides from scandium to zinc in positive and negative detection modes [27].
• The association between scandium status and risk of acute myocardial infarction (MI) was examined in a multicentre case control study in 10 centres from Europe and Israel. Scandium in toenails was assessed in 684 cases and 724 controls less than 70 years of age [2].
• Radiochemical purification of no-carrier-added scandium-47 for radioimmunotherapy [28].
• Investigation of the separation of scandium and rare earth elements from red mud by use of reversed-phase HPLC [29].

References