Disease relevance of trioxido-oxo-stiborane

• The reference drug, N-methylglucamine antimonate (Glucantime), was administered by subcutaneous or intralesional injection (regimens of 14, 28, or 56 mg of pentavalent antimony [Sbv] per kg of body weight daily) [1].
• Efficacy of a short course (10 days) of high-dose meglumine antimonate with or without interferon-gamma in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala [2].
• Acute pancreatitis associated with the administration of meglumine antimonate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis [3].
• A dog being treated with meglumine antimonate for leishmaniasis was examined because of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and signs of abdominal discomfort [4].
• Biceps femoris muscle biopsies of malignant hyperthermia susceptible (MH+) and non-susceptible (MH-) Dutch Landrace pigs were studied ultrastructurally, and exchangeable calcium was demonstrated, using the antimonate precipitation technique in combination with electron probe x-ray microanalysis [5].

High impact information on trioxido-oxo-stiborane

• In spermatogenous cells of the water fern, Marsilea vestita, and stomatal complex cells of barley, Hordeum vulgare, antimonate deposits have been found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuoles, euchromatin/nucleoplasm, and mitochondria [6].
• In spite of differences in associated antimonate between certain organelles of the two species, the presence of antimonate aong the ER throughout the cell cycle is common to both [6].
• Localization of Ca++-containing antimonate precipitates during mitosis [6].
• Dictyosomes and the nuclear envelope of Marsilea also contain antimonate deposits, as do the plasmalemma, cell wall, and phragmoplast vesicles of Hordeum [6].
• Under conditions of chemokinesis deposition of antimonate procipitates appeared on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane of neutrophils whereas under conditions of chemotaxis cation deposits beneath the cell membrane were localized to the pseudopods which were directed toward the chemoattractant [7].

Biological context of trioxido-oxo-stiborane

• However, antimonate deposits were localized in the condensed chromatin of the nucleus during random migration and associated to a large extent with the uncondensed nuclear chromatin during chemokinesis and chemotaxis [7].
• The osmolality of a 1:10 dilution of stock meglumine antimonate increased by 45% over 8 days, suggesting hydrolysis to less complex species [8].
• Separate resistances to arsenate and arsenite (antimonate) encoded by the arsenical resistance operon of R factor R773 [9].
• The calcium identified in the melanin granules was then compared with the spatial distributions of calcium binding sites after the application of an antimonate precipitation method, which was used to localize loosely bound calcium [10].
• To verify the causal relationship between myocardial calcium entry and ultrastructural alterations induced by loud noise, in the present study we coupled routine electron microscopy with cytochemistry specifically dedicated to visualize calcium accumulation (revealed as antimonate deposits) [11].

Anatomical context of trioxido-oxo-stiborane

• Electron microscopic observations of hyperbasophilic hepatocytes revealed large deposits of cation antimonate within nucleoli and nuclear interchromatin areas and finer deposits in apparent association with cytoplasmic ribosomes [12].
• However, the major sites of calcium antimonate deposits were the secretory granules and the mitochondria [13].
• Precipitates of calcium antimonate were formed almost exclusively in swollen clear pinealocytes, in and along their cell membranes, over their nuclei, in mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic and integrade reticulums, acervuli, in vesicles surrounding synaptic bars, cytoplasmic matrix, and flocculent extracellular material [14].
• The strong reaction of neutrophil primary granules with antimonate and dialyzed iron afforded differentiation from unreactive monocyte-macrophage granules and thus distinguished these cell types in culture [15].
• When permeabilized mast cells were exposed to potassium antimonate solution, microtubules attached themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum and many Ca antimonate dots were observed [16].

Associations of trioxido-oxo-stiborane with other chemical compounds

• In contrast, the ArsA protein exhibited an ATPase activity which was dependent on the presence of arsenite or antimonate [17].
• Whereas oxalate generally gave no intracellular precipitate and antimonate gave copious but random precipitate, three prominent calcium stores were detected using fluoride: the tubular endoplasmic reticulum, the cortical granules, and large, clear, acidic vesicles of unknown function [18].
• LmACR2 is the first identified antimonate reductase responsible for the reduction of pentavalent antimony in pentostam to the active trivalent form of the drug in Leishmania [19].
• The reaction products obtained were identified as calcium antimonate by EGTA solubility and X-ray microanalysis [20].
• The reference drug, N-methylglucamine antimonate (Glucantime), was administered by subcutaneous injections (regimens of 28 mg of pentavalent antimony) for 15 days [21].

Gene context of trioxido-oxo-stiborane

• It is suggested that although matrix vesicles contain few calcium capable of reacting to antimonate immediately after their biogenesis, subsequently, large amounts of calcium are accumulated associated with the outer surface membrane of matrix vesicles in the extracellular matrix [22].
• Dopamine inhibition of PRL secretion (> 80% at 1, 2, 3 h) resulted in accumulation of secretory granules in all stages of maturation and dilation of Golgi saccules at 2 and 3 h, accompanied by increased mitochondria antimonate and increased Golgi-associated antimonate [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of trioxido-oxo-stiborane

• Leukocytes from human bone marrow, grown in clonal cell culture with methylcellulose medium, were characterized ultrastructurally and cytochemically, utilizing techniques for demonstrating peroxidase, acid phosphatase, dialyzed iron reactive mucosubstance, antimonate reactive cation and Concanavalin A surface receptors [15].
• Subsequently, the tissue was treated with a fixative containing antimonate (a calcium precipitating agent) during clinorotation or in microgravity and processed for electron microscopy [24].
• The reference drug, N-methylglucamine antimonate, was administered by subcutaneous injections at 100 mg/kg for 14 days [25].
• The presence of calcium within this antimonate precipitate is confirmed by the electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) technique [26].
• Results from in vitro titrations of cations with the various antimonate methods and from neutron activation analyses of fixed tissues supported conclusions drawn from fine structural distribution patterns and were interpreted as follows [27].

References