Disease relevance of Saccule and Utricle

• PURPOSE: We investigated the mechanism of hemospermia in patients with a midline cyst (MLC) of the prostate, focusing on cystic dilatation of the utricle (CDU) as a possible causative lesion [1].
• Exposure to diethylstilbestrol alone or combined with other female sex hormones correlated with hypertrophy and squamous metaplasia of the prostatic utricle and ducts, and with high ratios of Leydig cells to spermatogenic cells in the testis [2].
• Serum testosterone levels before and after 3 days' treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin were determined by radioimmunoassay in 97 prepubertal boys with hypospadias and enlarged prostatic utricles [3].
• Our interpretation of these results is that storage in secondary in secondary lysosomes in NCL and the gangliosidoses leads to a decrease in the catabolism of dolichyl phosphate compounds in the Golgi saccules or primary lysosomes [4].
• By immunoelectron microscopy, in the estrogen induced prolactinoma, PRL was localized in well developed lamellar or whorling rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi saccules [5].

Psychiatry related information on Saccule and Utricle

• We conclude dexamethasone-treated rats have a critical period during which the gas-exchange saccules present at birth must be subdivided [6].

High impact information on Saccule and Utricle

• In mice homozygous for a targeted mutation of Itga8 (encoding the alphabeta8 subunit), this co-localization is perturbed and hair cells in the utricle, a vestibular subcompartment, lack stereocilia or contain malformed stereocilia [7].
• EM lectin staining in situ demonstrated galactose and N-acetyl galactosamine constituents in the saccules [8].
• Light and electron microscopic immunolabeling for Golgi/TGN markers showed these saccules to be reactive for antibodies to TGN38, protein affinity-purified alpha 2,6 sialyltransferase, and anti-human beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase [8].
• This finding was in agreement with TEM observations because, in estradiol-treated prolactin cells, the Golgi saccules were distended and Golgi elements were increased, thus indicating increased synthetic activity of these cells [9].
• Pds expression was detected throughout the endolymphatic duct and sac, in distinct areas of the utricle and saccule, and in the external sulcus region within the cochlea [10].

Biological context of Saccule and Utricle

• Voltage-gated Na+ channel activation induces both action potentials in utricular hair cells and brain-derived neurotrophic factor release in the rat utricle during a restricted period of development [11].
• Comparisons indicate that activated PI3-K and TOR are required for S-phase entry in both avian and mammalian balance epithelia, but activation of the MAPK pathway appears to have a more significant role in avian utricles than in mammals [12].
• In fetal pituitary at 9 weeks' gestation, ACTH was localized in the perinuclear spaces (PNS), cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi saccules, and secretory granules [13].
• Throughout these steps of spermiogenesis the Golgi apparatus does not show major changes in structure; it is composed of a cortex made up of connected stacks of saccules and a medulla showing a loose aggregate of vesicular profiles [14].
• Cytochemistry revealed that glycoproteins were associated with the concentric saccules, probably located on the luminal surface [15].

Anatomical context of Saccule and Utricle

• In cultured MK, CD36 immunolabeling was detected in the Golgi saccules, associated vesicles, immature alpha-granules, and demarcation membranes [16].
• Ventral to the mid-level of the presumptive utricle, Otx1 and Otx2 were co-expressed, in regions such as the saccule and cochlea [17].
• In dopaminergic dendrites, VMAT2 was extensively localized to tubulovesicles that resembled saccules of SER, and less frequently localized to isolated small synaptic vesicles (SSVs) or large dense-core vesicles (DCVs) [18].
• At electron microscopy, diethylmaleate had induced distension of the Golgi saccules of the hepatocytes [19].
• 5. From E18.5 to PN1, alpha(7) was expressed in conducting airway and saccule epithelial cells [20].

Associations of Saccule and Utricle with chemical compounds

• We found that dexamethasone (0.1 micrograms daily) given to rats from age 4 to 13 d markedly impaired saccule septation to at least age 60 d and also diminished the extent of the increase of alveolar surface area (Sa) [6].
• Here we report immunocytochemical, histological, electron microscopic, and autoradiographic evidence that, in cultured postnatal rat utricles, a substantial number of hair cells can survive gentamicin insult even their stereocilia are lost [21].
• In retinal rod photoreceptor cells, transducin (Gt) and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) are peripherally anchored to the cytoplasmic surface of the disk saccules [22].
• A positive response to ZIO occurs in certain Golgi vesicles and saccules, in GERL (Golgi-endoplasmic-reticulum-lysosomes), in multivesicular bodies as well as residual bodies and in small vesicles and cisternae of axonal smooth endoplasmic reticllum (ER) [23].
• Histopathological analysis revealed abnormalities in saccules of Sod2-/- mice exposed either to room air or to 50% O2 suggestive of delayed postnatal lung development [24].

Gene context of Saccule and Utricle

• Lung development in Mmp14-/- mice is arrested at the prealveolar stage with compensatory hyperinflation of immature saccules [25].
• Few fibers remain to the saccule, utricle, and the base of the cochlea, all areas with few or no Bdnf-beta-galactosidase-positive cells [26].
• Absence of Bdnf-beta-galactosidase expression in the utricle and saccule of Atoh1 null mice is first noted at E12.5, a time when Atoh1-beta-galactosidase expression is also first detected in these epithelia [26].
• While dilatation of peripheral lung saccules was delayed in Foxa1-/- mice at E16.5, sacculation was unperturbed later in development (E17.5-E18.5) [27].
• BDNF supports all sensory neurons to the semicircular canals, most sensory neurons to the saccule and utricle, and many sensory neurons to the apex and middle turn of the cochlea [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Saccule and Utricle

• Electron microscope radioautography of 125I-EGF uptake into Golgi-endosome fractions identified internalization into lipoprotein-filled vesicles of heterogenous size and shape but not into stacked saccules of the Golgi apparatus [29].
• At the end of the treatment periods, total RNA was extracted from single utricles, reverse transcribed to cDNA and the cDNA amplified by PCR with primers for beta-actin, fimbrin and class III beta-tubulin [30].
• Sensory epithelia from normal rat utricles and those cultured with and without neomycin treatment were assayed for the presence of growth factor receptor mRNAs by RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) [31].
• In situ hybridization and immunolocalization studies confirmed the presence of prestin in OHCs as well as in vestibular hair cells (VHCs) of rodent saccule, utricle and crista ampullaris [32].
• After the last gentamicin dose, the utricles were prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy [33].

References