Disease relevance of Polymyxin

• Iron promoted transcription of PmrA-activated genes and resistance to the antibiotic polymyxin in Salmonella [1].
• The incidence of upper airway colonization in the RSICU with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 1.6% during the polymyxin treatment cycles (total 374 patients) and 9.7% during the placebo cycles (370 patients) (X2 equals 23.2, P less than 0.01) [2].
• Polymyxin B sensitive strains of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 from recent epidemic in India [3].
• Clinical and molecular epidemiology of acinetobacter infections sensitive only to polymyxin B and sulbactam [4].
• Letter: Endotoxaemia in liver cirrhosis: treatment with polymyxin B [5].

Psychiatry related information on Polymyxin

• A single i.v. injection of polymyxin B (10, 100 or 1000 microg/kg) induced a rapid, marked drop in body temperature in a dose-related manner, with no change in physical activity [6].

High impact information on Polymyxin

• LPS-induced eosinophil survival was largely inhibited by an anti-GM-CSF neutralizing antibody and completely blocked by polymyxin B, suggesting GM-CSF involvement in the survival enhancing mechanism and LPS specificity, respectively [7].
• Polymyxin B did not prevent IL-1-induced IL-1 expression by these cells, but blocked the effect of endotoxin [8].
• The staining of IFN-gamma treated LM with FITC-LPS was inhibited by polymyxin B or unlabeled LPS [9].
• The present study shows that the antifibrinolytic polypeptide, aprotinin, and the nephro- and ototoxic antibiotics, aminoglycosides, and polymyxin B compete for binding of 125I-urokinase-plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 complexes to purified rabbit gp330 [10].
• The LPS effect was significantly inhibited by preincubation with Polymyxin B and neutrophil acyloxyacyl hydrolase, however two different oligosaccharide-specific monoclonal antibodies did not inhibit activity [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Polymyxin

• We also found that lpsB mutants were sensitive to the cationic peptides melittin, polymyxin B, and poly-l-lysine, in a manner that paralleled that of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide mutants [12].
• We establish that E. coli K-12 induces PmrA-activated gene transcription and polymyxin B resistance in response to Fe(3+), but that it is blind to the low Mg(2+) signal [13].
• However, polymyxin B-induced peritoneal eosinophilia was abolished by pretreatment with the antihistamine diphenhydramine [14].
• An inner membrane enzyme in Salmonella and Escherichia coli that transfers 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose to lipid A: induction on polymyxin-resistant mutants and role of a novel lipid-linked donor [15].
• Oxidative decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid in extracts of polymyxin-resistant Escherichia coli. Origin of lipid a species modified with 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose [16].

Biological context of Polymyxin

• Infection and colonisation were eliminated by intensive infection control measures, and irrigation of wounds with polymyxin B [4].
• In some of these mutants lacking ppk, the phenotypes included features indicative of decreased virulence such as: (i) growth defects, (ii) defective responses to stress and starvation, (iii) loss of viability, (iv) polymyxin sensitivity, (v) intolerance to acid and heat, and (vi) diminished invasiveness in epithelial cells [17].
• The gene, PBS2, located on chromosome X, is not allelic to the previously described PBS1 gene (where PBS signifies polymyxin B sensitivity) [18].
• Complete nucleotide sequence of a gene conferring polymyxin B resistance on yeast: similarity of the predicted polypeptide to protein kinases [18].
• Polymyxin B treatment did not result in decontamination but significantly reduced the number of mobilized hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) most likely due to the endotoxin binding capacity of polymyxin B [19].

Anatomical context of Polymyxin

• Lipid X was found to inhibit LPS-induced priming by directly interacting with the neutrophil in contrast to polymyxin B, which neutralized LPS by binding to it [20].
• Treatments of the TNF preparations with heat and polymyxin B revealed that the effects on endothelial cells were not due to possibly contaminated endotoxin [21].
• All 744 patients admitted to a Respiratory-Surgical Intensive Care Unit (RSICU) were included in a prospective study of the effects of a polymyxin (2.5 mg/kg body wt/day in six divided doses) or a placebo aerosol sprayed into the posterior pharynx and tracheal tube (if present), during 11 alternating 2-mo treatment cycles [2].
• The phorbol ester-induced stabilization of GAP-43 mRNA was blocked by the protein kinase inhibitor polymyxin B and was partially inhibited by dexamethasone, an agent that blocks GAP-43 expression and neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells [22].
• While lacking demonstrable T-cell activity posttransplantation, he developed a generalized macular erythematous eruption and fever, clinically attributed to intranasal polymyxin B [23].

Associations of Polymyxin with other chemical compounds

• INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 75) that received cefotaxime, 1 g intravenously every 8 hours for the first 3 days only, and oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics (gentamicin, polymyxin, and nystatin by oral paste and oral liquid) for the entire stay in the intensive care unit [24].
• AN/AR was smaller in preconditioned versus control dogs that received no treatment (6 +/- 2% versus 19 +/- 3%, P < .01), H-7 (2 +/- 2% versus 14 +/- 5%, P < .02), or polymyxin B (10 +/- 3% versus 29 +/- 5%, P < .01) during the preconditioning or control period [25].
• By fluorescence microscopy, we detected the same heterogeneous binding of the polymyxin dansyl derivative [26].
• Plasma membranes of Drosophila larval cells, containing or lacking cholesterol, were also disrupted by polymyxin [26].
• In cytotoxicity studies, M-CSF activated macrophages and freshly isolated macrophages killed NBXFO cells in the presence of polymyxin B, eliminating the possibility that contaminating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was responsible for the delivery of the cytotoxic signal [27].

Gene context of Polymyxin

• Models based on the proposed protein kinase activity of the PBS2 gene product are presented to explain the interaction between PBS1 and PBS2 gene products involved in conferring polymyxin B resistance on yeast cells [18].
• The effect of TNF could not be prevented by the addition of polymyxin B or by anti-IL-1 antibodies [28].
• Both LPS- and lipid A-induced NF-kappaB activation is blocked by preincubation with either anti-TLR4 blocking antibody (HTA125) or Polymyxin B [29].
• Depletion of T cells and large granular lymphocytes (LGL) from the cultures by anti-Thy-1.2 antibodies plus complement abrogated IFN-gamma production, and the addition of polymyxin B to "aged" splenocyte cultures resulted in loss of IFN production in response to LPS [30].
• Up-regulation of E-selectin and CCL2 by the killed bacteria was not inhibited by polymyxin B [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Polymyxin

• An aerosol of polymyxin B was administered (2.5 mg per kilogram per day) to the upper airways of 292 patients in a respiratory-surgical intensive-care unit during a seven-month period, in an attempt to prevent Ps. aeruginosa pneumonia [32].
• Polymyxin B reactions, IgE antibody, and T-cell deficiency. Immunochemical studies in a patient after bone marrow transplantation [23].
• However, functional recovery in control groups was not decreased in the presence of the PKC inhibitor polymyxin B (50+/-6%), suggesting that if activation of PKC occurred during low-flow ischemia, it was not protective [33].
• Both polymyxin B and GF109203X blunted the infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning (infarct size 33.1 +/- 6.9% and 35.1 +/- 6.4%, respectively) [34].
• Polymyxin B was used to explore distribution of anionic phospholipids in sperm plasma membranes by electron microscopy of freeze-fracture replicas [26].

References