Disease relevance of glucosamine

• We conclude that susceptibility of cells to HSV-1 entry depends on (1) presence of heparan sulfate chains to which virus can bind and (2) 3-O-sulfation of specific glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate to generate gD-binding sites or the expression of other previously identified gD-binding receptors [1].
• Symbiotic host-specificity of Rhizobium meliloti is determined by a sulphated and acylated glucosamine oligosaccharide signal [2].
• Efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis [3].
• In bovine aortic endothelial cells, hyperglycemia inhibited eNOS activity 67%, and treatment with glucosamine had a similar effect [4].
• Glucosamine induces insulin resistance in vivo by affecting GLUT 4 translocation in skeletal muscle. Implications for glucose toxicity [5].

Psychiatry related information on glucosamine

• Cultured fibroblasts in Huntington's disease. II. Effects of glucosamine [6].
• The present study examined and compared the effects of N-acetylglucosamine and 1-deoxy-N-acetylglucosamine on feeding behavior with those of glucosamine and 1-deoxyglucosamine [7].
• Glucosamine use was higher among older participants, those living in western Canada, and those with arthritis, back pain, higher calcium intake from supplements, physical activity and prior glucosamine use [8].
• The method optimization was essential as many procedural parameters influenced the accuracy of determination including the ninhydrin concentration, reaction time, pH, reaction temperature, purple color stability period, and glucosamine/ninhydrin ratio [9].
• Similar high levels in Sanfilippo patients, representing 65-78% of the total glucosamine suggest a direct correlation with mental deficiency [10].

High impact information on glucosamine

• The binding sites consist of relatively small tracts of variably sulfated glucosamine and uronic acid residues in specific arrangements [11].
• We recently reported that R. meliloti nodulation (nod) genes determine the production of acylated and sulfated glucosamine oligosaccharide signals [12].
• Here we provide evidence for rapid activation of ob gene expression in skeletal muscle by glucosamine [13].
• Finally, incubation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and L6 myocytes with glucosamine rapidly induces ob gene expression [13].
• Previous kinetic experiments indicated that the enzyme carries out a transmembrane acetylation via a ping-pong mechanism; the reaction can therefore be dissected into two half reactions--acetylation of the enzyme, and transfer of the acetyl group to glucosamine [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of glucosamine

• Microarray expression profiling and mutational studies of Vibrio cholerae growing on a natural chitin surface, or with the soluble chitin oligosaccharides (GlcNAc)(2-6), GlcNAc, or the glucosamine dimer (GlcN)2 identified three sets of differentially regulated genes [15].
• Assay of tyrosinase of glucosamine- or tunicamycin-induced unpigmented melanoma cells has revealed a selective and marked decrease in the melanosome-rich large-granule fraction, but no substantial decrease in the total activity of remaining subcellular fractions [16].
• The lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a unique, glucosamine-based phospholipid that makes up the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria [17].
• The amino sugar, D-glucosamine, inhibits the preformed route of thymidine metabolism in rat C6 glioma cells [18].
• These effects of D-glucosamine, together with its known ability to reduce uridine nucleotide pools, may contribute to its toxicity toward certain experimental animal tumors [18].

Biological context of glucosamine

• The cells of each subpopulation differed in associative behavior measured by cell aggregation and stationary culture assays and in glycoproteins that contain glucosamine [19].
• We also manually searched review articles, manuscripts, and supplements from rheumatology and OA journals and sought unpublished data by contacting content experts, study authors, and manufacturers of glucosamine or chondroitin [20].
• In vivo glucosamine infusion induces insulin resistance in normoglycemic but not in hyperglycemic conscious rats [21].
• We conclude that (a) heparin's anti-inflammatory effects are mainly mediated by blocking P- and L-selectin-initiated cell adhesion; (b) the sulfate groups at C6 on the glucosamine residues play a critical role in selectin inhibition; and (c) some non-anticoagulant forms of heparin retain anti-inflammatory activity [22].
• METHODS: Crypt cell proliferation rate (CCPR) was measured using vincristine arrest and mucus synthesis by incorporation of radiolabeled N-acetyl glucosamine in colonoscopic biopsy specimens cultured with and without PNA [23].

Anatomical context of glucosamine

• By the use of an M6 monoclonal antibody, which crossreacts with 20 different M protein types, and antibodies to the N-acetyl glucosamine determinant of the cell wall, we have been able to identify the M protein molecules released from the streptococcal cell wall with muralytic enzymes, particularly group C phage-associated lysin [24].
• A faster eluting, neuraminidase-sensitive, fraction was observed on Sephadex chromatography of the trophoblast spectra when D-glucosamine was used as precursor [25].
• B2cAMP also stimulated mucosal uptake of glucosamine into the intracellular pool and markedly enhanced specific activity of mucosa galactosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in glycoprotein synthesis [26].
• Thy-1 and a number of other proteins are anchored to the outer hemi-leaflet of membranes by a glycolipid moiety containing ethanolamine phosphate, mannose, glucosamine, and phosphatidylinositol [27].
• Glycolipids synthesized in a cell-free system prepared from the free-living protozoan Paramecium primaurelia and labelled with [3H]mannose and [3H]glucosamine using GDP-[3H]mannose and UDP-[3H]N-acetyl glucosamine, respectively, were identified and structurally characterized as glycosylinositol-phosphoceramides (GIP-ceramides) [28].

Associations of glucosamine with other chemical compounds

• Specifically, we will review the literature on the effect of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and ketones, as well as some of the nutrient-related metabolites, such as glucosamine and the prostanoids, on apo A-I gene expression [29].
• Biochemical analysis of the two resulting peaks revealed the presence of high molecular weight anionic material containing protein, uronic acid, glucosamine, and galactosamine [30].
• Effects of D-glucosamine and 6-azauridine on nucleotide contents, 5-fluorouridine uptake, and cytotoxicity in TA3 mammary tumor cells [31].
• Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled secretory (serum) glycoproteins with antiserum against rat serum proteins showed a similar marked inhibition in the appearance of glucosamine-labeled proteins in the medium of slices from ethanol-fed rats [32].
• Pulse-chase experiments with radioactive glucosamine and mannose in the presence and absence of tunicamycin indicated that glycosylation of vicilin occurs in the ER [33].

Gene context of glucosamine

• D-Glucosamine also promoted conversion of latent TGF-beta to the active form [34].
• Mannose-binding lectin recognizes peptidoglycan via the N-acetyl glucosamine moiety, and inhibits ligand-induced proinflammatory effect and promotes chemokine production by macrophages [35].
• All these modifications are believed to depend on initial glucosamine N-sulfation carried out by the enzyme glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) [36].
• Acid hydrolysis of CK8 and CK18, purified from [3H]glucosamine-labeled cells, generated free glucosamine [37].
• The recombinant protein for YFL017C displayed phosphoglucosamine acetyltransferase activities in vitro and utilized glucosamine 6-phosphate as the substrate [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of glucosamine

• DATA SOURCES: We searched for human clinical trials in MEDLINE (1966 to June 1999) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register using the terms osteoarthritis, osteoarthrosis, degenerative arthritis, glucosamine, chondroitin, and glycosaminoglycans [20].
• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate benefit of glucosamine and chondroitin preparations for OA symptoms using meta-analysis combined with systematic quality assessment of clinical trials of these preparations in knee and/or hip OA [20].
• As assessed by WOMAC scores, symptoms worsened slightly in patients on placebo compared with the improvement observed after treatment with glucosamine sulphate [39].
• When dendrimer glucosamine and dendrimer glucosamine 6-sulfate were used together in a validated and clinically relevant rabbit model of scar tissue formation after glaucoma filtration surgery, they increased the long-term success of the surgery from 30% to 80% (P = 0.029) [40].
• Long-term (18-24 hr) preincubation of NIL hamster cell cultures with D-glucose or D-glucosamine (both of which repress the hexose transport system) gave rise to a striking loss of the hexose transport system ("super-repression") when cycloheximide was also present in the culture medium [41].

References