Disease relevance of chloroform

• The added organism was Pseudomonas stutzeri KC (strain KC), a denitrifying bacterium that cometabolically degrades CT without producing chloroform (CF) [1].
• The CHCl3 treatment significantly reduced the efficacy of the vaccine to protect vaccinates against Marek's disease challenge [2].
• Further studies need to be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms mediating the interactive toxicity of BrCCl3 and CHCl3 [3].
• The Antimicrobial Effect of Chloroform on Enterococcus faecalis After Gutta-Percha Removal [4].
• It was also observed that chloroform concentration increased with the elapsed time up to one and six days to water samples spiked with humic substances and algae blue green, respectively and decreased along 30 days [5].

High impact information on chloroform

• Labelled reaction products were separated from substrate using chloroform: methanol extraction.Key results:In cytosolic fractions from rat brain, URB602 and URB754 inhibited the hydrolysis of 2-oleoylglycerol with IC(50) values of 25 and 48 muM, respectively [6].
• The major urinary sesamin metabolite in the chloroform extract was collected using HPLC diode array detector and characterized as (1R,2S,5R,6S)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3,3,0]octane using NMR and mass spectroscopy [7].
• Interestingly, CF did not affect the growth of PCE-nondechlorinating SD (small deletion) and LD (large deletion) variants, where the former fails to transcribe the pceABC genes caused by a deletion of the promoter and the latter lost the entire pceABCT gene cluster [8].
• Quadruply-hydrogen-bonded porphyrin homodimer Zn1.Zn1 has been designed, assembled, and evaluated as a supramolecular cleft-featured receptor for its ability to bind dipyridyl guests in chloroform-d. Monomer Zn1 consists of a 2-ureidopyrimidin-4(1H)-one unit, which was initially reported by Meijer et al., and a zinc porphyrin unit [9].
• In addition, beta-lactamase released by osmotic shock treatment was found to be unstable during storage at -20 degrees C or during the 18 h period of iso-electric focusing at +4 degrees C. Chloroform treatment produced similar band patterns and at least as good an enzyme yield as ultrasonic disintegration and was equally simple and fast to perform [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of chloroform

• The methanol, dichloromethane, hexane, chloroform and volatile oil extracts of the red alga Jania rubens were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity (five Gram-positive, four Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans ATCC 10239) [11].
• In this study, the genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials associated with exposure to chloroform and eucalyptol were assessed on mouse lymphoma cells in vitro by the single cell gel (comet) assay and trypan blue exclusion test, respectively [12].
• Similarly, pretreatment with these ketones (13.6 mmol/kg) potentiated CHCl3 kidney toxicity but to a lesser degree; CHCl3 ED50 values for vehicle-, A-, MEK-, and MiBK-pretreated rats were 3.4, 1.6, 2.1, and 2.2 mmol/kg, respectively [13].
• Enterovirus RNAs in CPE-induced samples were extracted by guanidinium thiocyanate/ phenol/chloroform and heat shock methods and detected by RT-PCR and neutralization test [14].

Biological context of chloroform

• This reveals that Waters, during his visit to England in 1936, inspired British anesthetists to discover more of Snow's early contributions to anesthesiology, even though Waters himself did not possess On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics [15].
• Degradation kinetics of CT and chloroform (CF) were generally very rapid with reaction rates comparable to rates that can be obtained with zero-valent iron [16].
• Chloroform was the major species of THMs, especially in the water plant of south Taiwan. Chloroform contributed the majority of the lifetime cancer risks (range: 87.5-92.5%) of total risks from the three water supply areas [17].
• Three of the four THMs also significantly reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with only CHCl3 failing to demonstrate an effect at 3 mmol/kg [18].
• No effects were observed with 7.5 mg/kg of HE, CF, CAF or AF, except for an increase in defecation induced by AF [19].

Anatomical context of chloroform

• It was discovered that the cell-free exudates of the methanogen Methanosarcina thermophila were capable of carbon tetrachloride (CT) and chloroform (CF) degradation [20].
• Finally, with microsomes, the inactivation was larger with CCl4 (CO binding, 58%; haem assay, 50%; porphyrin fluorescence, 33%) than with CCl3Br (CO binding, 33%; haem assay, 10%) or CHCl3 (haem assay, 9%; CO binding, 6%) [21].
• RESULTS: Chloroform treatment did not significantly affect GST activities in erythrocytes of control subjects while the activities of erythrocyte total GST and alpha-GST were significantly increased in all anemic patients (P<0.001) [22].
• The CHCl3 exhibited the potent proliferation of osteoblasts [23].
• Weakly polar chloroform-d has a significant influence on the organization of water in a spongy component of bone tissue [24].

Associations of chloroform with other chemical compounds

• Proton magnetic resonance spectra of 17 xi-hydroxy-17 xi-methyl-5 xi-androstane C-3 ketone and C-3 xi alcohol isomers in chloroform-d and pyridine-d5 [25].
• Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy at 100.6 MHz revealed that these molecules existed in deuterochloroform solution as unequal mixtures of cis (syn)- and trans (anti)-rotational isomers [26].
• A chloroform extract of the roots of the Egyptian SALVIA LANIGERA Poir. afforded two new orthoquinones, lanigerone (8-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-7-methyl-1,2-naphthoquinone) and salvigerone (methyl 1,10-seco-5(10),6,8,13-abietatetraene-11,12-dion-1-oate) together with two known diterpenoids, arucadiol and pisiferal [27].
• This procedure was used to reliably transfer gold nanoparticles with diameters between 45 and 100 nm from aqueous solution to organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and chloroform [28].
• In addition to known compounds, sigmoidin C and 8-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-erythrinin C, also called senegalensin, a new isoflavone glycoside designated auriculatin 4'- O-glucoside was isolated from the chloroform extract of the stem bark of ERYTHRINA ERIOTRICHA [29].

Gene context of chloroform

• Large solvent shifts for the 13C resonance in TMS in either deuterochloroform or methanol are observed, being +0.71 ppm and -0.74 ppm from external TMS, respectively [30].
• A correlation between potential for free radical formation (CCl3Br > CCl4 > CHCl3 > CH2Cl2) and extent of haem inactivation was observed with all methods for Hb, but not for microsomal P-450 or MHA [21].
• CFB pretreatment also diminished elevation in plasma SDH activity produced by CHCl3 in CD-1 mice, while BUN was significantly elevated in both groups, indicating that CFB did not protect against CHCl3-induced nephrotoxicity [31].
• Caragana microphylla Lam. seeds showed analgesic activity, with the chloroform fraction showing the strongest analgesic activity among the fractions [32].
• METHODS: Chloroform extract, benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract, its methanol and ethyl acetate sub-fractions and the isolated compounds from the sub-fractions i.e., ECP 1 & 2 and MCP 1 &2, of the seeds of Carica papaya were used at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of chloroform

• The stability constants and three-dimensional structures of the complexes were determined by using 1H NMR titrations in deuterochloroform at room temperature [34].
• The quick appearance of broad peaks over the range of 10-8000 nm in chloroform during crystallization simulation studies indicated faster aggregation in non-polar solvents [35].
• In the denitrifying bioreactor, the residual CF was completely removed, and the DCM removal efficiency was more than 95% [36].
• The vibrational CD and Fourier transform ir (FTIR) spectra were measured in deuterochloroform solution in the amide I and amide II (1750-1500 cm-1) regions [37].
• Single non-lethal doses (3 mmol/kg) of chloroform (CHCl3), dichlorobromomethane (CHCl2Br), dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2), and bromoform (CHBr3) were administered by intraperitoneal injection to male Sprague-Dawley rats and proximal tubular secretion and reabsorption was assessed at varied times following treatment [38].

References