Disease relevance of dichloromethane

• Effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on skeletal mobilization of calcium in multiple myeloma [1].
• In rats that were pretreated with dichloromethylene diphosphonate, the local PA-III tumors developed with metastases to the lungs, but the calvariae were intact [2].
• Effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on the osteolytic and osteoplastic effects of rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells [2].
• Twelve patients with hypercalcemia associated with various malignancies were treated with intravenous dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption, in doses of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight initially and 5.0 mg/kg thereafter for up to 7 days [3].
• Biochemical and clinical responses to dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) in Paget's disease of bone [4].

High impact information on dichloromethane

• Bone mineral and matrix maturation in chronically uremic, nonacidotic rats were investigated after 25-hydroxcholecalciferol (25OHD) and/or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) therapy utilizing bromoform-toluene density gradient fractionation and X-ray diffraction analyses [5].
• METHODS: Mice were not treated or were rendered Kupffer cell-depleted by intravenous inoculation of multilamellar liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate, the common bile duct was ligated and divided; sham-operated animals served as controls [6].
• METHODS: Rat Kupffer cells were eliminated by an intravenous injection of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate [7].
• Effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on serum and urinary calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism [8].
• Cytokine inactivation in CBDL rats and mice was either performed directly with tumor necrosis factor alpha (etanercept) or interleukin 1 beta inactivation (anakinra/AMG 719) or indirectly Kupffer cell depletion via intraperitoneal administration of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene bisphosphonate [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of dichloromethane

• To study this question, murine splenic M phi were depleted by i.p. administration of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP-liposomes or clodronate-liposomes) before priming mice with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) [10].
• We subjected C57Bl/6 mice infused with clodronate [dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Cl(2)MBP)] to IRI (32 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion) to deplete them of macrophages [11].
• Clodronate (clodronic acid, dichloromethylene bisphosphonate) is a bisphosphonate which has demonstrated efficacy in patients with a variety of diseases of enhanced bone resorption including Paget's disease, hypercalcaemia of malignancy and osteolytic bone metastases [12].
• These tests have been employed in the present study to compare the toxicity of water extracts of atmospheric particulate matter and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts that have been transferred to dimethyl sulfoxide and diluted in water [13].
• Additionally, high toxicity in the July DCM extracts from another site may be tied to the presence of the insecticide carbaril [13].

Biological context of dichloromethane

• In experiment 3, in rats pretreated with dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) to inhibit resorption and subsequently exhibiting decreased bone formation, PTH, irrespective of the method of administration, reversed the inhibitory effects of Cl2MDP on bone formation [14].
• To elucidate the role of macrophages in erythropoiesis, we selectively abrogated stromal macrophages of splenic red pulp of phlebotomized mice by injection with dichloromethylene diphosphonate encapsulated in multilamellar liposomes (CL2MDP-liposome) [15].
• This indicates a critical role of CCl4 metabolism in the suicidal destruction of cytochrome P-450 haem and suggests that the apoprotein of cytochrome P-450 is capable of modulating not only the metabolism of CCl4 to :CCl2 but also the hydrolysis of :CCl2 to CO [16].
• The oxidation kinetics of various aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols having varied hydrocarbon chain length were studied using cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate (CTADC) in dichloromethane (DCM) in the presence of acetic acid and in the presence of a cationic surfactant [17].
• Influence of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate on the in vitro phagocytosis of hydroxyapatite particles by rat peritoneal exudate cells: an electron microscopic and chemiluminescence study [18].

Anatomical context of dichloromethane

• Mice were depleted of macrophages in their liver and spleen by i.v. injection of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Cl2MBP) [19].
• Third, depletion of phagocytes in vivo by means of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate does not impede the activation and deletion of V beta 8+ cells by SEB, although it partially prevents the elimination of T cells binding F23.1 in vivo [20].
• In addition to macrophages, most follicular dendritic cells and B lymphocytes, which are thought to support scrapie agent replication, were also transiently depleted by dichloromethylene disphosphonate administration [21].
• To study the in vivo role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in gram-negative bacterial pneumonia in mice, AM were eliminated by the intratracheal (i.t.) administration of dichloromethylene diphosphonate encapsulated liposomes [22].
• The mRNA for the gp130 cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin-6 and oncostatin M or the beta-chemokine, monocyte chemoattractive protein (CCl2) also were up-regulated in the slice [23].

Associations of dichloromethane with other chemical compounds

• A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate whether intravenous clodronate (dichloromethylene bisphosphonate) therapy might affect the results of bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled methylene diphosphonate (MDP) [24].
• In contrast, depletion of macrophages from mice by treatment with cyclophosphamide plus liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphate resulted in equivalent virulence of Spv+ and Spv- salmonellae [25].
• In the taenia coli the order of potency for relaxation was difluoromethylene greater than or equal to dichloromethylene greater than methylene, and this reflected the order of electronegativity of the analogues [26].
• Most of the direct-acting, base-substitution activity of the A-EOM eluted in the hexane/dichloromethane (DCM) fraction, but this activity eluted in the polar methanol fraction for the SRM 2975 EOM [27].
• A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) procedure employing CO2-modifier mixtures was developed by which the bioactivity profile and chromatographic fingerprint of the DCM extract could be reproduced [28].

Gene context of dichloromethane

• Dichloromethane (DCM) extracts from dried leaves showed a marked cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory activity with a preferential effect on COX-2 catalysed prostaglandin synthesis [28].
• Our objective in this study was to determine the effect of liposomally encapsulated dichloromethylene bisphosphonate on the expression of two cytokines essential to neointimal development, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta) [29].
• The numbers of macrophage precursors in the liver as detected by the monoclonal antibodies ER-MP20 and ER-MP58 increased after liposome-entrapped dichloromethylene diphosphonate injection [30].
• We have previously shown a crucial role of peripheral macrophages in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Th1-mediated demyelinating disease that serves as a an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), by their depletion using mannosylated liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) [31].
• The objective of these studies was to determine if the anabolic effect of hPTH-(1-34) on rat bone in vivo is dependent on an initial stimulation of resorption by blocking resorption with either salmon calcitonin (CT) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of dichloromethane

• Prevention of corneal allograft rejection in rats treated with subconjunctival injections of liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphonate [33].
• Wistar rats were injected with liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate, 48 hr before hepatectomy, to eliminate KC, or were withheld this pretreatment (controls) [34].
• Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of either saline (control) or 30 mg/kg per day of F2MBP, dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Cl2MBP), or 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) for 30 days [35].
• It was found that larger percentage of EA (in the solvent mixture consisting of DCM and EA) in the fabrication of PLGA 65:35 microspheres decreases the initial burst, release rate and prolongs the release duration of etanidazole [36].
• In this study, we demonstrated that tracheal insufflation of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP-liposome) selectively depleted AMs in rats [37].

References