Disease relevance of Caloric Restriction

• Weight loss accomplished by simple caloric restriction or increased exercise typically increases the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [1].
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed the influence of caloric restriction at two levels of Ca intake on BMD and BMC in 66 overweight postmenopausal women (age, 61 +/- 6 years; body mass index, 27.0 +/- 1.8 kg/m2) [2].
• These data suggest that caloric restriction improved carbohydrate tolerance in patients with lipodystrophy whereas fenfluramine, in the absence of caloric restriction, has no long-term beneficial effect [3].
• The effect of weight loss and caloric restriction on plasma glucose concentrations and insulin and glucagon secretion in response to oral and iv glucose and arginine infusions was examined in 8 subjects with type II diabetes mellitus of greater than 5 yr duration (long term diabetes) [4].
• Relative role of caloric restriction and exercise training upon susceptibility to isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in male rats [5].

Psychiatry related information on Caloric Restriction

• On the other hand, neuroprotective mechanisms can be bolstered by dietary (caloric restriction and folate and antioxidant supplementation) and behavioral (intellectual and physical activities) modifications [6].
• To assess continued efficacy of anorexiants after 3 years of use, 52 participants (43% of those starting) entered a second double-blind trial to compare 60 mg sustained-release fenfluramine plus 15 mg phentermine resin versus placebo added to behavior modification, caloric restriction, and exercise [7].

High impact information on Caloric Restriction

• We summarize the current knowledge of the Sir2 homologs from different organisms, and finally we discuss the role of Sir2 in caloric restriction and aging [8].
• Effect of slight plasma glucose decrease on glycosylated hemoglobin in healthy subjects during caloric restriction [9].
• The age-associated increase in expression of p16INK4a and Arf is attenuated in the kidney, ovary, and heart by caloric restriction, and this decrease correlates with diminished expression of an in vivo marker of senescence, as well as decreased pathology of those organs [10].
• After a 2-week caloric restriction, BP elevation is reversed in nontransgenic littermates with the A(y) allele, in parallel with a reduction in plasma leptin concentrations, but is sustained in transgenic mice overexpressing leptin with the A(y) allele, which remain hyperleptinemic [11].
• While their metabolic parameters significantly changed (decrease in insulinemia, glycemia, and resting metabolic rate and increase in plasma ketone bodies), the caloric restriction did not modify the leptin mRNA level in the adipose tissue [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Caloric Restriction

• Retention of estradiol negative feedback relationship to LH predicts ovulation in response to caloric restriction and weight loss in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome [13].
• CONCLUSIONS: Sibutramine, in conjunction with moderate caloric restriction, enhances weight loss and reduces waist circumference in overweight and obese Type 2 diabetic patients receiving sulphonylurea therapy [14].
• Stress and hunger alter the anorectic efficacy of fluoxetine in binge-eating rats with a history of caloric restriction [15].
• Protection against chronic cadmium toxicity by caloric restriction [16].
• Independent of diagnostic category, severity of caloric restriction was predictive of amphetamine use, severity of binge eating was predictive of tranquilizer use, and severity of purging was predictive of alcohol, cocaine, and cigarette use [17].

Biological context of Caloric Restriction

• In the remaining obese hypertensive men (n = 8), blood pressure levels were not normalized by caloric restriction despite a significant decrease of BMI and plasma ET-1 levels (from 0.83 +/- 0.23 to 0.60 +/- 0.16 pg/ml, P < 0.04) [18].
• In contrast to wild type animals, caloric restriction in these mice had little effect on Akt phosphorylation in the heart [19].
• In an attempt to differentiate the effect of fenfluramine hydrochloride from that of caloric restriction on carbohydrate tolerance in patients with lipodystrophy, parameters of carbohydrate homeostasis were studied in patients with lipodystrophy during periods of fenfluramine treatment and during periods of caloric restriction [3].
• Effects of different starvation conditions were examined by subjecting 3T3-L1 adipocytes to caloric restriction, either in the absence or the presence of the lipolysis inducer tumor necrosis factor-alpha [20].
• Previous work has shown that sustained increased and decreased cell proliferation, induced by dietary zinc deficiency and caloric restriction respectively, influence the course of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal carcinogenesis in rats [21].

Anatomical context of Caloric Restriction

• CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: The regulation of the expression of p85 alpha PI3K is altered during caloric restriction in skeletal muscle of Type II diabetic patients [22].
• Influence of aging and caloric restriction on activation of Ras/MAPK, calcineurin, and CaMK-IV activities in rat T cells [23].
• The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of weanling caloric restriction on the expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in the liver and intestine and on the levels of IgA in the blood and intestinal secretions [24].
• Twenty-six sedentary young women (27.9% body fat) were randomized into three groups: nonexercising control (C, N = 8); 1-2 sessions/wk plus a 240 kcal caloric restriction (1-2SW, N = 9); and 3-4 sessions/wk without caloric restriction (3-4SW, N = 9) [25].
• Age and caloric restriction diets are confounding factors that modify the response to lipopolysaccharide by peritoneal macrophages in C57BL/6 mice [26].

Associations of Caloric Restriction with chemical compounds

• As compared to weight maintenance, chronic caloric restriction resulted in reduced outputs of cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids, reduced bile acid pool size, and reduced synthesis and fecal excretion of cholesterol [27].
• In the ob/ob, UCP-DTA and MSG models, overexpression of ob mRNA is reversed by caloric restriction [28].
• Even moderate exercise or caloric restriction can lead to lower progesterone levels and failure to ovulate [29].
• Caloric restriction reduced CCP in high fat- and low fat-fed rats and in azoxymethane-treated and control rats [30].
• Rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and subjected to caloric restriction weighed 40% less than those fed ad libitum; rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were heavier at the onset of caloric restriction and lost weight and weighed approximately 40% less than animals fed ad libitum [31].

Gene context of Caloric Restriction

• In contrast, we find that food restriction does not further increase the life span of long-lived clk-1 mutants, suggesting that clk-1 and caloric restriction affect similar processes [32].
• Furthermore, deletion of RTG3, a downstream mediator in this pathway, and caloric restriction had an additive effect, resulting in the largest increase (123%) in longevity described thus far in yeast [33].
• Reduced IGF-I/insulin signaling and caloric restriction (CR) are known to extend the life span and delay age-related diseases [34].
• Caloric restriction does not reverse aging-related changes in hippocampal BDNF [35].
• Deletion of the RPD3 gene extended life span, and there was no additive effect of caloric restriction [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Caloric Restriction

• The present results show that adrenalectomy is an effective tool for ameliorating the severity of many aspects of the ob/ob syndrome, particularly when compared with caloric restriction, but the procedure does not entirely reverse the deranged metabolism or abnormal carcass composition of these mice [37].
• Levels of the brushborder glucose transporter SGLT1, brushborder fructose transporter GLUT5, and basolateral sugar transporter GLUT2 mRNA as determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 6-, 24-, and 32-mo-old mice were each apparently independent of caloric restriction and age [38].
• Nine-hour overnight fasting plasma insulin also declined but oral glucose tolerance did not improve with caloric restriction [39].
• Methods presented are: (1) a low dose of cyclophosphamide; (2) vitamin E; (3) Japanese herbal medicines; (4) caloric restriction and exercise; (5) vaccine; (6) oral administration of antigens; (7) grafting of cells and tissues, including a future program [40].
• Since caloric restriction has been shown to decrease mammary tumor virus (MMTV) gene expression, MMTV production was investigated by electron microscopy to confirm the validity of our experimental conditions [41].

References