Disease relevance of Dopa D-form

• Site-specific replacement of Y356 with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the beta2 subunit of E. coli ribonucleotide reductase [1].
• Interaction of aromatic amino acids in D and L forms with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase from pig kidney [2].
• Concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and catecholamines and metabolites in brain in an anhepatic model of hepatic encephalopathy [3].
• To investigate the involvement of oxidative tissue damage in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria (CM), brain levels of protein carbonyls, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), o-tyrosine, and dityrosine were measured during Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) and P. berghei K173 (PbK) infections [4].
• Incubation of the rat superior cervical ganglion in Na+-free or low-Na+ medium increased the rate of synthesis of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in the ganglion fourfold and caused a concomitant stable activation of tyrosine hydroxylase [5].

Psychiatry related information on Dopa D-form

• Changes in the activity of dopaminergic neurons associated with intracranial self-stimulation of the ventral tegmentum were assessed by measuring the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by NSD-1015 [6].
• Associated features included marked fatigue, slight facial dysmorphism, short stature, obesity, and learning disability*. Dystonia and fatigue responded to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) therapy, with recurrence of symptoms upon withdrawal; the efficacy has been maintained over 7 years [7].

High impact information on Dopa D-form

• The production of melanin pigment in mammals requires tyrosinase, an enzyme which hydroxylates the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), thus allowing the cascade of reactions necessary to synthesize that biopolymer [8].
• Synthetic pheomelanins from enzymic oxidation of the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) derivative 5-S-cysteinyldopa have been examined by ESR spectroscopy [9].
• In addition, the in vivo rate of tyrosine hydroxylation in cold-stressed rats was measured by the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in tissue following inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase [10].
• The human monoamine-form phenol sulfotransferase (PST), SULT1A3, has a unique 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa)/tyrosine-sulfating activity that is stereospecific for their d-form enantiomers and can be stimulated dramatically by Mn(2+) [11].
• A flexible loop (residues 328-339), presumably covering the active site upon substrate binding, has been revealed in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase by means of kinetic and structural studies [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Dopa D-form

• When expressed in Escherichia coli, the products of each gene could decarboxylate tryptophan, but were inactive against tyrosine, phenylalanine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), tdc1 was developmentally regulated, having its highest expression level in the apex, young stem and bark, tissues which also contain the highest levels of CPT [13].
• Abnormal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) concentrations in plasma and urine of patients with cystic fibrosis [14].
• Previous reports have shown that the tyrosinase activities of melanosomes and soluble tyrosinase isolated from melanoma were diminished when these preparations were incubated with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) [15].
• We have measured plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and plasma activities of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (ALAAD) in 18 patients with neuroblastoma, in 13 at various times during the course of their disease [16].
• Photosensitization by antitumor agents 2: anthrapyrazole-photosensitized oxidation of ascorbic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine [17].

Biological context of Dopa D-form

• In addition to the usual decarboxylation, pig kidney 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) decarboxylase catalyzes a decarboxylation-dependent transamination which converts dopa into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and sinultaneously converts enzyme-bound pyridoxal-P into pyridoxamine-P [18].
• Styelin D had remarkably extensive post-translational modifications, containing two novel amino acids, dihydroxyarginine and dihydroxylysine, and two distinctly unusual ones, 6-bromotryptophan and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine [19].
• Regulation of galactokinase gene expression in Tetrahymena thermophila. II. Identification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as a primary effector of adrenergic control of galactokinase expression [20].
• The predicted TyDC5 amino acid sequence shares extensive identity with other opium poppy tyrosine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylases (84%), and when expressed in Escherichia coli, it is active against tyrosine and to a lesser extent against 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine [21].
• P1 contains a 10-base sequence (dec-1) that closely matches the element I cis-regulatory sequence identified in the promoter region of Drosophila 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase [22].

Anatomical context of Dopa D-form

• Effects of apomorphine enantiomers and of lisuride on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine production in striatal synaptosomes [23].
• TIDA neuron activity was determined by measuring the concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the median eminence by HPLC plus electrochemical detection [24].
• Effect of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine accumulation in the striatum and nucleus accumbens [25].
• Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) increased the production of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat [26].
• Unexpectedly, this stimulation also increased the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the hypothalamus and spinal cord [27].

Associations of Dopa D-form with other chemical compounds

• Structure-function relationships in the stereospecific and manganese-dependent 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine/tyrosine-sulfating activity of human monoamine-form phenol sulfotransferase, SULT1A3 [11].
• We analyzed the redox behavior of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which is an electrochemically active chiral molecule, by means of cyclic voltammetry at a gold electrode modified with one enantiomeric form of homocysteine [28].
• Dopamine in urine is derived substantially from renal uptake and decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), and increases in excretion of dopa normally parallel increases in excretion of dopamine during salt loading [29].
• The protein oxidation product 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) mediates oxidative DNA damage [30].
• These procedures were electrical stimulation within the cuneiform nucleus (the 'mesencephalic locomotor region') in anaesthetized preparations and systemic administration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in decerebrate, spinalized, unanaesthetized preparations [31].

Gene context of Dopa D-form

• 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine reverses the motor deficits in Pitx3-deficient aphakia mice: behavioral characterization of a novel genetic model of Parkinson's disease [32].
• Intracerebroventricular injection of OT induced both dose (0.01-1 microgram/rat)- and time (30-90 min)-dependent increases in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the median eminence [33].
• The parallel developmental study of the activities of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and monoamine oxidase shows that phenolamines are present in significant amounts in the hypothalamus until tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase become catalytically active [34].
• The conversion of tyrosine into dopa [3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine] is the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of melanins catalysed by tyrosinase [35].
• Thus, activities of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase were independent of the cell cycle, whereas both soluble and membrane-bound dopamine beta-monooxygenase activities were modulated during the cell cycle [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Dopa D-form

• Striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase in aging: disparity between postmortem and positron emission tomography studies [37]?
• Secretin, VIP, and forskolin also enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine production) in intact cells, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection [38].
• Catecholamine synthesis was examined from elevations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine levels after probe perfusion with NSD-1015, an inhibitor of L-aromatic acid decarboxylase [39].
• Basal levels of endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) were detected by HPLC coupled with coulometric detection in dialysates from freely moving rats implanted 48-72 h earlier with transversal dialysis fibers in the dorsal caudate [40].
• An on-line microdialysis system was developed which monitored the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) formation in the striatum during infusion of a submicromolar concentration of an L-aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (NSD 1015) [41].

References