Disease relevance of RHD

• MATERIALS AND METHODS: Docetaxel and paclitaxel were evaluated and compared at maximum tolerated doses (MTD) and 0.5 MTDs against the human pediatric tumor xenograft models SK-N-MC and IMR32 (neuroblastoma), RH1 and RH30 (rhabdomyosarcoma) and KHOS/NP (osteosarcoma), with 8-10 animals per group [1].
• DS was defined as a stenosis < or =1.5 mm in diameter of the common bile duct (CBD) and/or < or = 1.0 mm of right (RHD) or left hepatic duct (LHD) [2].
• Rheumatic valvular heart disease (RHD) has been postulated to have autoimmune features, but HLA associations have not been established [3].
• This report demonstrates the potential use of these procapsids in obtaining RHD oral vaccines and opens the door to the use of these capsids for the prevention of the disease in wild animals [4].
• Patients were classified according to the etiology of heart failure into: 15 patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease (RHD), 17 with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 13 with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) [5].

High impact information on RHD

• It suggested that there is some relationship between the RHD gene and the RhC phenotypes in RhD-negative individuals [6].
• Additionally, the RHD gene detected in the RhD-negative donors seemed to be intact through sequencing of the RhD polypeptide cDNA and the promoter region of RHD gene [6].
• Recent molecular studies on the Rh blood group system have shown that the Rh locus of each haploid RhD-positive chromosome is composed of two structural genes: RHD and RHCE, whereas the locus is made of a single gene (RHCE) on each haploid RhD-negative chromosome [6].
• Prenatal detection of rhesus D genotype [7].
• Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from an individual known to produce antibody to the rhesus D blood group were enriched for specific antibody-producing cells before transformation with Epstein-Barr virus [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of RHD

• Using radioligand binding, RT-PCR, and Southern blot analyses, we evaluated whether agonist [D-Trp6]LH-RH and antagonist Cetrorelix could affect the levels of receptors for LH-RH and EGF and expression of mRNA for these receptors in DU-145 human androgen-independent prostate cancers xenografted into nude mice [9].

Biological context of RHD

• The DIIIc phenotype was inherited in a Mendelian fashion [10].
• The RhPII cDNA clone, on the other hand, differs from the above by 41 nucleotide substitutions with the open reading frame, resulting in 31 amino acid substitutions [11].
• In two individuals we have found hybrid RHD-RHCE-RHD transcripts in both DVICe and DVIcE haplotypes [12].
• Six samples came from Switzerland and one from Northern Germany. The molecular structures were determined by genomic DNA nucleotide sequencing of RHD [13].
• The strategy requires four PCR-SSP procedures only for RHD intron 4 and exon 7 as well as RHD(K409K) and non-RHD(K409K) [14].

Anatomical context of RHD

• We evaluated the clinical utility of this method to ascertain the RhD antigen in 10 patients with warm-type autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) and 14 samples of amniotic fluids [15].
• Red blood cells of weak D phenotype have a much reduced number of presumably complete D antigens that were repeatedly reported to carry the amino acid sequence of the regular RhD protein [16].
• The PCR amplification of an RhPII-specific region from reticulocyte RNA and genomic DNA in all the family proved that the RhPII gene exists in both RhD-positive and RhD-negative individuals [17].
• Subsequent chorionic villus sample analysis revealed that 2 of these 4 women with negative RHD and RASSF1A signals were in fact carrying RhD-positive fetuses [18].
• Conventional methods for prenatal fetal RhD status determination involve invasive procedures such as fetal blood sampling and amniocentesis [19].

Associations of RHD with chemical compounds

• The p53 mutations in cell lines included a codon 248 C to T transition (arginine to tryptophan) in RD and a codon 280 A to T transversion (arginine to serine) in RH30 [20].
• The Rhesus D antigen. A dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding proteolipid [21].
• In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed using RD (embryonal) and RH30 (alveolar) cell lines to determine the efficacy of imatinib as single agent and in combination with topotecan (TPT) [22].
• Previous reports, before the advent of cyclosporine, suggest that the small amount of blood transplanted with a kidney can result in rhesus D (RhD) antibody production [23].
• Significant ABCG2-mediated extrusion of Hoechst 33342 was demonstrated in RH30 but not in RD, and was inhibited by imatinib and the specific ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143 [22].

Other interactions of RHD

• The duplication event leading to RH50 and RH30 genes was estimated to have occurred between 250 and 346 million years ago [24].
• Two Rh polypeptide cDNAs have been isolated from the PCR products and tentatively designated RhPI cDNA and RhPII cDNA [11].
• The RhPII-1 cDNA had a single nucleotide substitution with one amino acid substitution compared with the RhPII cDNA:substitution C-->T in nucleotide 380, changing codon 127 from GCG to GTG (Ala-->Val) [17].
• Nucleotide sequencing of RHD exon 5 further revealed three novel alleles RHD(G212G), RHD(R234W), and RHD(V245L), dubbed DUC-1, DQC, and DUC-2 [25].
• DNA-based rhesus typing: simultaneous determination of RHC and RHD status using the polymerase chain reaction [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of RHD

• Foetal DNA typing correctly indicated the RhD in every foetus [15].
• DNA typing confirmed the RhD-negative type of one AIHA sample in which serological tests were inconclusive [15].
• The weak D phenotype is caused by many different RHD alleles encoding aberrant RhD proteins, raising the possibility of distinct serologic phenotypes and of anti-D immunizations in weak D [27].
• Sequence analysis showed that RhK562-II is composed of 951 nucleotides (316 amino acids), identical to the first 939 nucleotides (exons 1 to 6) of one of the Rh(D) cDNAs (RhXIII), except for nucleotide 654 (C-->G exchange) [28].
• In vitro expression of RhK562-II using the transcription and translation rabbit reticulocyte lysate system produced two major Rh-related proteins (30 kD and 25 kD), which were immunoprecipitated by rabbit polyclonal anti-Rh and separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) [28].

References