Disease relevance of Gensigen

• The 3-hydroxybenzoate inducible gentisate 1,2-dioxygenases have been purified to homogeneity from P. acidovorans and P. testosteroni, the two divergent species of the acidovorans group of Pseudomonas [1].
• Structural and biochemical characterization of gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Escherichia coli O157:H7 [2].
• Following 20 min of global ischemia a 173% increase in tissue content of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was detected after 2.5 min of reperfusion [3].
• The elimination rate constants of gentisic acid (GA), salicyluric acid (SUA), and salicylic acid (SA) in plasma were slower for underweight children than for normal-weight children [4].
• Alternatively, in matrix-enhanced SIMS, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid electrosprayed on neuroblastoma cells allowed intact molecular ion imaging of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin at the cellular level [5].

High impact information on Gensigen

• The salicylate hydroxylation products, 2,3 and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), were detected in mitochondria from CO exposed rats in significantly increased amounts during the same time intervals as decreases in GSH/GSSG [6].
• Salicylic acid was used as the probe for .OH, and its derivative, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection [7].
• The phenotypes of mutants mshC(-) and mshD(-) were the same as the wild type when grown in LB or BHIS media, but mutants mshC(-) and mshD(-) were not able to grow in mineral medium with gentisate or 3-hydroxybenzoate as carbon sources [8].
• The role of the substrate functional groups in catalysis is investigated through comparison of the reaction kinetics of gentisate analogs using the gentisate 1,2-dioxygenases isolated from Pseudomonas acidovorans and Pseudomonas testosteroni [9].
• Gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas. Substrate coordination to active site Fe2+ and mechanism of turnover [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gensigen

• Intact cells of Pseudomonas sp. BN9 grown with 5AS oxidized 5AS and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (gentisate), whereas cells grown with gentisate oxidized only the growth substrate of all substituted salicylates tested [10].
• A gene cluster encoding steps in conversion of naphthalene to gentisate in Pseudomonas sp. strain U2 [11].
• Isolations of 3-chlorobenzoate (3CBA)-degrading aerobic bacteria under reduced O2 partial pressures yielded organisms which metabolized 3CBA via the gentisate or the protocatechuate pathway rather than via the catechol route [12].
• Gentisate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) (EC 1.13.11.4; gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase) from Moraxella osloensis was purified to homogeneity as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [13].
• Pseudomonas sp. strain C4 metabolizes carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) as the sole source of carbon and energy via 1-naphthol, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, and gentisate [14].

Biological context of Gensigen

• The acquisition of the gentisate operon may represent a special adaptation to meet carbon source requirements under conditions of environmental stress and may provide a selective advantage for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli relative to their non-pathogenic counterparts [2].
• Identity of GU in urine from two aspirin-treated patients was confirmed by TLC and mass spectrometric analysis, and hydrolysis of the compound from one patient yielded glycine and gentisic acid [15].
• A novel on-plate microextraction approach using concentrated MALDI matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid with a mixture of acetone and water as the solvent has been developed to allow the detection of trace-level gene expression products [16].
• Gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase showed broad substrate specificity and attacked a range of halogen- and alkyl-substituted gentisic acids [13].
• By genome-wide data mining, a gene cluster designated ncg12918-ncg12923 was proposed to encode putative proteins involved in gentisate/3-hydroxybenzoate pathway [17].

Anatomical context of Gensigen

• Cryosections of the cerebral ganglia of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis were placed on indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated conductive glass slides and covered with a thin layer of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid by electrospray deposition [18].
• Leukocytes can be labelled with 99mTc using HMPAO and gentisic acid methods [19].
• Inhibitors of mammalian melanocyte tyrosinase: in vitro comparisons of alkyl esters of gentisic acid with other putative inhibitors [20].
• Gentisic acid: an aspirin metabolite with multiple effects on human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes [21].
• We found that activated mononuclear cells and activated granulocytes, as well as the products of the Fenton reaction, transformed [14C]5-ASA to a number of metabolites, among which we have characterized salicylate and gentisate [22].

Associations of Gensigen with other chemical compounds

• Steady-state kinetics of SA (total and unbound), salicyluric acid (SUA), gentisic acid (GA), and clinical status were estimated weekly in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis [23].
• The use of two MALDI matrixes, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), is shown to control the nature and extent of fragmentation observed in collision-induced dissociation experiments on synthetic oligosaccharides [24].
• 3-Hydroxypicolinic acid was used as the MALDI matrix for molecular weight and purity determinations, while either 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) or an anthranilic/nicotinic acid (AA/NA) mixture was used to induce fragmentation for the production of structurally significant fragment ions [25].
• The chosen matrix was p-nitroaniline, as it generated superior sensitivity when compared to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, the compound most commonly used for in vitro analysis of PLs by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) [26].
• In the mapping of the CHO IL-4 glycoprotein, detection of the trypsin-generated glycopeptides was only possible by MALDI, where their detection was greatly improved by using the super-DHB (sDHB) matrix, a 9:1 mixture of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) with 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid [27].

Gene context of Gensigen

• Salicylate promotes myeloperoxidase-initiated LDL oxidation: antagonization by its metabolite gentisic acid [28].
• Antioxidant inhibitor experiments indicated that superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme protein inhibitors, and glutathione blocked gentisic acid formation, whereas catalase, mannitol, and deferoxamine failed to inhibit [29].
• Also, P. naphthalenivorans carries two copies of gentisate dioxygenase (nagI) with 77.4% DNA sequence identity to one another and 82% amino acid identity to their homologue in Ralstonia sp. strain U2 [30].
• The BH1999 gene is juxtaposed with a gene cluster that contains genes believed to function in gentisate oxidative degradation [31].
• Disruption of either sdgA or sdgC blocked salicylate degradation; constructs lacking sdgD accumulated gentisate [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gensigen

• Increase in 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) concentrations in the microdialysis perfusate was confirmed during both ischemia and reperfusion phase [33].
• MALDI, with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as the matrix, was employed for the detection of phospholipids [34].
• In this study, the incorporation of Texas Red-labeled avidin into crystals of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) and 2,6-DHB (used as matrixes for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)) was investigated by fluorescence spectrophotometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) [35].
• Both pathogens produced systemic infections and accumulated large amounts of the intermediary signal molecule gentisic acid as ascertained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) coupled on line with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [36].
• xlnE, encoding gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.4), from Pseudomonas alcaligenes (P25X) was mutagenized by site-directed mutagenesis [37].

References