Psychiatry related information on Substantia Innominata

• Choline acetyltransferase activity was also measured in the substantia innominata from 9 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 5 age-matched control subjects [1].
• The findings differed from those in Alzheimer dementia, however, in that the cells in the substantia innominata were not reduced and the levels of choline acetyltransferase and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, determined in one patient, were within normal limits [2].
• Injection of the mu-opioid receptor agonist, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol (DAMGO), produced a dose-dependent increase in horizontal motor activity after injection into the ventral pallidum or substantia innominata (VP/SI) of the rat [3].
• Two experiments tested the hypothesis that the deficits in conditional discrimination learning produced by ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the ventral pallidum and substantia innominata are produced by loss of the magnocellular cholinergic cells in the nucleus basalis and adjacent regions [4].

High impact information on Substantia Innominata

• Glutathione contents and glutathione transferase activities were normal in frontal cortex and substantia innominata [5].
• Phosphoethanolamine contents were significantly reduced at autopsy in frontal and occipital cortex, and in the substantia innominata [5].
• Immunochemical staining using antibodies directed against alpha-synuclein confirmed the presence of many LBs in the locus ceruleus and showed rare LBs in the substantia innominata and dorsal vagal nuclei [6].
• Cytoplasmic ER immunoreactivity was most prominent among ER-IR cells in the ventrolateral-ventromedial nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the midbrain periaqueductal gray, and some ER-IR cells in the substantia innominata [7].
• Changes in muscarinic binding in distant brain regions showing neuronal losses after folic acid injections into the substantia innominata [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Substantia Innominata

• It was found that the bilateral administration of muscimol into the substantia innominata/lateral preoptic area almost completely inhibited the stimulation of locomotor activity induced by the administration of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA), kainic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and picrotoxin into the n. accumbens [9].
• Locomotor activity was initiated by injecting picrotoxin, a GABA antagonist, unilaterally into the substantia innominata through chronic cannulae, as reported previously [10].
• Biogenic amines and their metabolites in Alzheimer's disease: noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid depleted in hippocampus but not in substantia innominata [11].
• Atrophy of the substantia innominata on magnetic resonance imaging and response to donepezil treatment in Alzheimer's disease [12].

Biological context of Substantia Innominata

• JO 1784 (3 mg/kg subcutaneously) successfully attenuated this loss of [3H] (+)-pentazocine binding sites in the hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and CA4 regions) and in the substantia innominata [13].

Anatomical context of Substantia Innominata

• Comparative effects of quisqualic and ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the substantia innominata and globus pallidus on the acquisition of a conditional visual discrimination: differential effects on cholinergic mechanisms [4].
• Thus although there is a caudal to rostral gradient of the proportion of magnocellular cholinergic neurons that are NADPH diaphorase reactive throughout the entire basal forebrain magnocellular complex, subregions, such as the substantia innominata and magnocellular preoptic nucleus, may not follow this trend [14].
• Olfactory or flavour stimulation with acetic acid or apple increased rCBF in the prepyriform area, substantia innominata and amygdala [15].
• RATIONAL: Somatostatin and its receptors (sst(1) and sst(2)) have been localized in brain nuclei implicated in motor control, such as the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum (VP) and substantia innominata (SI) [16].
• In contrast, ibotenate lesions of the caudal ventral globus pallidus and substantia innominata caused decreases in CAT activity in the frontal cortex of up to 65% without affecting enzyme activity in the hippocampal formation [17].

Associations of Substantia Innominata with chemical compounds

• Lesions of the cholinergic cells in the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata induced by ibotenic acid, depending upon their size, had significant effects on the acquisition and performance of the discrimination, without affecting the latency to collect the pellets [18].
• In the substantia innominata, clusters of small, globular GABA-immunoreactive somata were scattered among aggregates of larger, nonimmunoreactive neurons belonging to the nucleus basalis, and the whole region showed a low to moderate number of evenly spread GABA-positive terminals [19].
• Switching to cue-directed behavior: specific for ventral striatal dopamine but not ventral pallidum/substantia innominata gaba as revealed by a swimming-test procedure in rats [20].
• The authors then made large kainic acid lesions in the neostriatum to reveal the target areas of PPTB-producing neurons and observed a decrease in PPTB-immunoreactive fibers in the sublenticular portion of the substantia innominata and, to much lesser extent, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala [21].
• Norepinephrine acts within select basal forebrain regions to modulate behavioral state and/or state-dependent processes, including the general regions encompassing the medial septal area, the medial preoptic area, and the substantia innominata [22].

Gene context of Substantia Innominata

• The decrease in AChE activity was correlated with a decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity thought to reflect lesion of cholinergic neurones in the substantia innominata which innervate the cerebral cortex [23].
• Autoradiograms revealed intense GALR labeling, mainly in the substantia innominata, hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and within layers 2 and 4 of the ENT [24].
• Other immunocytochemical features of the substantia innominata region include a dense band of peptide immunoreactivity beneath the medial aspect of the anterior commissure and islands of somatostatin and substance P terminal immunoreactivity in the rostral part of the substantia innominata [25].
• Cu, Zn- and MnSOD levels were significantly increased in frontal cortex and substantia innominata of the index group, respectively [26].
• In contrast, the ventral pallidum and substantia innominata received dense CB1 receptor-ir innervation and cholinergic neurons received CB1 receptor-ir presumed synaptic contacts [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Substantia Innominata

• Following the microinjections of NMDA, c-Fos protein, which has been shown to reflect neural activity, was found in numerous cholinergic, and also GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and other non-cholinergic neurons, in the substantia innominata and magnocellular preoptic nucleus near the microinjection cannulae [28].
• Cats were anaesthetized with halothane to hold arousal state constant and a microdialysis probe was aimed stereotaxically for the substantia innominata region of the basal forebrain [29].
• Animals were equipped with guide cannula to infuse bilaterally antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) against the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) NR1 subunits, or missense ODNs, into the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain [30].
• The 'supersensitive' locomotor response to apomorphine resulting from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced denervation of the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc.) was studied in animals following selective damage to cell bodies within the substantia innominata (SI) and lateral preoptic region (LPO) [31].
• To investigate the connections of Substantia Innominata cells upon the areas where MD units were recorded we injected horseradish peroxidase wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP), combined with immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) [32].

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