Disease relevance of Syntarpen

• Bacillus megaterium resistance to cloxacillin accompanied by a compensatory change in penicillin binding proteins [1].
• Effectiveness of cloxacillin with and without gentamicin in short-term therapy for right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. A randomized, controlled trial [2].
• Cimetidine, cloxacillin, and pancytopenia [3].
• Penicillin- (cloxacillin-) resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated in a stepwise fashion and the five penicillin-binding components (PBCs) in each were examined to determine which of the proteins, if any, corresponds to the penicillin killing site [4].
• Cloxacillin-induced leukopenia [5].

Psychiatry related information on Syntarpen

• Three patients died: one in the cloxacillin group and two in the combination therapy group [2].
• We attribute his jaundice to treatment with fusidic acid and his acute confusional state to cloxacillin neurotoxicity [6].
• It is concluded that azithromycin was as effective as, but better tolerated than, either erythromycin or cloxacillin and short-course therapy may improve patient compliance [7].

High impact information on Syntarpen

• In addition, the ratio of the hydrolysis rate of benzylpenicillin and cloxacillin at 30 degrees C and 20 degrees C (V30 degrees/V20 degrees) was found to be 1.23 and 1.55, respectively [8].
• The beta-lactam antibiotic cloxacillin can inhibit secretion of prokaryotic lipo-beta-lactamase into the periplasm of yeast [9].
• Two patients were studied in whom monoclonal (M) immunoglobulin G (IgG) proteins developed during the course of a serum sickness-like drug hypersensitivity reaction to cloxacillin (Orbenin) and sodium cephalothin (Keflin), respectively [10].
• Tobramycin and cloxacillin/cefoperazone did not influence thyroid function [11].
• Dicloxacillin and cloxacillin: pharmacokinetics in healthy and hemodialysis subjects [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Syntarpen

• Six hundred and twelve mouse plasmacytomas were screened for hapten binding by using eleven different bacteriophage-hapten conjugates (phage T4 conjugated with haptens NP, NIP, DIP, DNP,BOC-ABA-Tyr, ABA-NP, ABA-MIP, ABS-HOP, PAB-HOP, penicillin G, cloxacillin) [13].
• The reversible inhibition of beta-lactamase I from Bacillus cereus by cloxacillin, methicillin, and nafcillin has been systematically investigated [14].
• Moreover, by using beta-lactams which were readily hydrolyzed by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa class C chromosomal beta-lactamase, it was demonstrated that elimination of the mexAB-oprM-encoded efflux system greatly enhanced the abilities of cloxacillin and BRL42715 (but not clavulanate) to increase beta-lactam susceptibility [15].
• Animals with catheter-induced endocarditis were infected intravenously with 10(5) CFU of Staphylococcus aureus S5 (MICs and minimal bactericidal concentrations of cloxacillin, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin, 0.5 and 2 microg/ml, 4 and 8 microg/ml, and 0.5 and 1 microg/ml, respectively) [16].
• An unusual cephalosporinase in Achromobacter species was characterized biochemically; the enzyme had a pI of 8.1 and a molecular mass of 36,200 daltons, and it was not inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate or cloxacillin [17].

Biological context of Syntarpen

• Individual variation in bioavailability after oral administration was slightly lower for docloxacillin than for cloxacillin [12].
• Both showed similar enzyme kinetics and were inhibited by cloxacillin but not by p-chloromercuribenzoate [18].
• The semi-synthetic penicillin cloxacillin is apparently less well organized in the active site and shows two partially overlapping ester carbonyl bands [19].
• The concentrations of cefamandole, cloxacillin and fusicid acid were measured in the serum and heart tissue of 100 recipients of these drugs before cardiac surgery [20].
• Loss of the penicillinase plasmid caused an eight times or greater reduction in the MICs of amoxicillin and penicillin G (from greater than or equal to 64 to 8 micrograms/ml), but not of the penicillinase-resistant drugs methicillin and cloxacillin (greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml) [21].

Anatomical context of Syntarpen

• The similarities in ultrastructure between staphylococci in vegetations of treated rabbits and staphylococci grown on membranes suggest that the vegetations contained approximately 0.09 micrograms of cloxacillin per g [22].
• 0. These findings elucidate previous observations on the protection of intraleukocytic S. aureus from killing by cloxacillin and indicate that low pH in the phagolysosomes may be involved [23].
• Concentrations of fusidic acid, cloxacillin, and cefamandole in sera and atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery [20].
• Comparison of the effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin, cloxacillin, and flucloxacillin on Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosed by human monocytes [24].
• Concentration and bactericidal activity of fusidic acid and cloxacillin in serum and synovial fluid [25].

Associations of Syntarpen with other chemical compounds

• Exposure to a pH of 2.0 for 60 min reduced susceptibilities to cloxacillin and nisin A but increased susceptibilities to ampicillin, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin in a strain-dependent manner [26].
• METHODS: We injected (99m)Tc-UBI 29-41 into S. aureus-infected mice after treatment with various doses of cloxacillin or erythromycin [27].
• The binding affinity of cefmetazole for the penicillin-binding protein 2' fraction specific for MR S. aureus was higher than that of methicillin, cloxacillin, cefazolin, and cefotaxime [28].
• MICs of ureidopenicillins, carbenicillin, oxacillin, and cloxacillin were drastically reduced by the inactivation of AcrAB, whereas those of the earlier cephalosporins were affected mostly by the loss of AmpC beta-lactamase [29].
• Oxidative stress increased the susceptibilities of 70% of the strains to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, of 50% of the strains to cloxacillin and tetracycline, and of 40% of the strains to erythromycin but did not affect susceptibilities to vancomycin, kanamycin, and nisin A [26].

Gene context of Syntarpen

• The presence of t-PA did not enhance the antibacterial effect of cloxacillin [30].
• For 19 of the strains from Copenhagen and 18 of the strains from North Jutland, their beta-lactamase activity against nitrocefin and ampicillin, carbenicillin, benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin and cephaloridine was examined by a micro-iodometric and an UV-spectrophotometric assay [31].
• Despite high concentrations of teicoplanin in serum which exceeded MBCs for staphylococci more than 50 times at the peak and 10 times at the trough, therapy with cloxacillin or vancomycin was superior to therapy with teicoplanin against both MSSA and MRSA [32].
• The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of all the fatty acids were found to be 4-6 micrograms/ml for Staph. aureus (metR 18 & wild), 8-30 micrograms/ml for B. licheniformis (749/C & wild) and 70-90 micrograms/ml for E. coli (cloxacillin-resistant & wild) [33].
• The kinetics for the hydrolysis of cloxacillin by the Pseudomonas beta-lactamase are consistent with the acyl-enzyme, formed by acylation of serine-80, being an intermediate in the overall hydrolysis [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Syntarpen

• Cloxacillin prophylaxis in craniotomies reduces costs of health care [35].
• Monocytopenia did not affect the proliferation of bacteria in the infected thigh or the reduction of bacterial numbers after treatment with cloxacillin or erythromycin [36].
• The bacterial count decreases from in vivo tissue cage fluids (means) for levofloxacin at 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, rifampin, cloxacillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and controls, respectively, were: -1.24, -2.26, -2.1, -1.56, -1.47, -1.15, and 0.33 (all groups versus controls, P < 0.05) [37].
• Staphylococci grown on membranes placed on agar containing 0.09 micrograms of cloxacillin per ml and in broth at the same cloxacillin concentration (one-third of the MIC) were examined by transmission electron microscopy [22].
• Cloxacillin-induced cholestasis in a renal allograft patient with chronic hepatitis [38].

References