Disease relevance of Cladosporium

• The Avr9 peptide elicitor from the fungus Cladosporium fulvum, the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato carrying the avirulence gene avrPto (Pst (avrPto)), and the organophosphorous insecticide fenitrothion induce resistance-related responses in tomato lines carrying the Cf-9, Pto, and Fen genes, respectively [1].
• All compounds were tested for inhibitory activity on 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1, for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Cladosporium cucumerinum, and for haemolytic activity [2].
• Chromomycosis due to Cladosporium carrionii treated with 5-fluorocytosine. A case report from northern Nigeria [3].
• There were 36 trials of immunotherapy for house mite allergy; 20 pollen allergy trials; ten animal dander allergy trials; two Cladosporium mould allergy, one latex and six trials looking at multiple allergens [4].

High impact information on Cladosporium

• Binding of the AVR4 elicitor of Cladosporium fulvum to chitotriose units is facilitated by positive allosteric protein-protein interactions: the chitin-binding site of AVR4 represents a novel binding site on the folding scaffold shared between the invertebrate and the plant chitin-binding domain [5].
• In the present study, we established a cDNA library in lambda ZAP II by using mRNA isolated from a major allergen-producing mold, Cladosporium herbarum [6].
• A cDNA clone coding for a novel allergen, Cla h III, of Cladosporium herbarum identified as a ribosomal P2 protein [6].
• Crystals of Cladosporium acid protease have been grown from solutions of polyethylene glycol [7].
• alpha-Amylase inhibitor from fungus Cladosporium herbarum F-828 [8].

Biological context of Cladosporium

• Alcohol oxidase is a novel pathogenicity factor for Cladosporium fulvum, but aldehyde dehydrogenase is dispensable [9].
• Unlike Af conidia, conidia of Cladosporium cladosporioides as well as latex beads or killed Af conidia have no inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha or STS-induced apoptosis [10].
• The ability of methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC) to induce point mutations to carboxin and MBC resistance in Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter and Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arth. was dependent upon the pH value of the agar medium into which it had been incorporated [11].
• Atmospheric concentrations of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. spores in Zagreb (Croatia) and effects of some meteorological factors [12].
• Two patients with positive skin test to cladosporium herbarum had reproducible early asthmatic response after inhalation of the antigen, they reacted to inhaled histamine and one of them presented an early asthmatic response after inhalation of saline [13].

Anatomical context of Cladosporium

• Total and allergen-specific IgE antibodies to grass and birch pollen, Cladosporium herbarum, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and cat epithelium in serum were determined, and additional information was obtained by means of standardized questionnaire [14].
• Cell walls were serially digested with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase and beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanse of Cladosporium resinae, then by Pronase, and then by chitinase [15].
• Fungal spores were detected from April through October and represented a substantial percentage of the airborne allergens; Cladosporium, ascospores, and basidiospores were the most common [16].
• Experimental central nervous system (CNS) phaeohyphomycosis was established in cortisone-treated mice following intranasal exposure to conidia of Xylohypha bantiana (Cladosporium bantianum, C. trichoides) [17].

Associations of Cladosporium with chemical compounds

• Tomato leaves or cotyledons expressing the Cf-2 or Cf-9 Cladosporium fulvum resistance genes induce salicylic acid (SA) synthesis following infiltration with intercellular washing fluid (IF) containing the fungal peptide elicitors Avr2 and Avr9 [18].
• Tomato Cf genes encode membrane-bound proteins with extracellular leucine-rich repeats, and confer resistance to the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, and a hypersensitive response (HR) to C. fulvum-derived race-specific elicitors [19].
• In addition to these pathways in Cladosporium spp., H. werneckii, and A. pullulans, ergosterol may also be synthesized through reduction of the C-24 methylene group before desaturation at C-5 and C-22 or vice versa [20].
• A close study of the sterol composition of such fungi, namely Hortaea werneckii, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium sp., and Aureobasidium pullulans revealed the dominance of ergosterol and the presence of 29 intermediates of its biosynthesis pathway [20].
• Disulfide bond structure of the AVR9 elicitor of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum: evidence for a cystine knot [21].

Gene context of Cladosporium

• Expression of the Avirulence gene Avr9 of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum is regulated by the global nitrogen response factor NRF1 [22].
• Three of them (ALDH, YCP4 and P2) were found to be allergens in both fungi, Alternaria and Cladosporium [23].
• Differential regulation of CD3- and CD28-induced IL-2 and IFN-gamma production by a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor XR774 from Cladosporium cf. cladosporioides [24].
• Tomato leaves infected by the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum contain several types of intracellular and extracellular pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins [25].
• Here we describe the role of the Cladosporium fulvum nitrogen response factor 1 (Nrf1) gene in regulation of the expression of avirulence gene Avr9 and virulence on tomato [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Cladosporium

• Atopy was assessed by measuring serum-specific IgE or skin tests to cat, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, timothy grass, olive, birch, Parietaria, or ragweed [26].
• Changes in histamine release in the Cladosporium season were the only IgE-mediated parameter significantly related to the graded clinical efficacy of immunotherapy [27].
• Compound 1 was fungicidal against Cladosporium cucumerinum in a TLC bioassay [28].
• The data indicate that autumnal asthma, to a high degree, is elicited by Cladosporium spores, and further, that the specific allergic diagnosis can only be established by a combination of positive diagnostic tests and careful recording of symptoms elicited by the causative allergen [29].
• Diagnosis and immunotherapy of mould allergy. III. Diagnosis of Cladosporium allergy by means of symptom score, bronchial provocation test, skin prick test, RAST, CRIE and histamine release [30].

References