Disease relevance of gadolinium

• The minimum concentration of Gd needed for monitoring, correlation of infused volume with distribution volume, clearance of infused liposome containing Gd and DiI-DS (Lip/Gd/DiI-DS), and potential local toxicity were evaluated [1].
• METHODS--Serial sE-selectin concentrations were measured in 28 patients with multiple sclerosis undergoing monthly gadolinium (Gd) enhanced MRI of the brain and spinal cord, and in 10 control subjects [2].
• Relapses and new Gd + lesions during the treatment phase of the trial were determined and compared for each subgroup [3].
• METHODS: Rats (n = 28) were subjected to reperfused myocardial infarction and received no contrast medium, 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 mmol/kg Gd DTPA-BMA [4].
• On Gd DTPA-BMA enhanced T1-weighted spin echo images, infarction was depicted as a high-intensity region "hot spot." On the other hand, the infarcted region was visualized as a low-signal region "cold spot" on Gd DTPA-BMA enhanced T2-weighted images [4].

High impact information on gadolinium

• Using the patch-clamp technique, we found a single class of stretch-activated cation channel that was completely blocked by gadolinium (Gd3+) [5].
• The nonselective Ca2+ channel blocker, lanthanide gadolinium (Gd3+), partially inhibited hTRPM3-mediated Ca2+ entry [6].
• Either treatment of cells with gadolinium (Gd3+), a potent blocker for stretch-activated channels, or removal of extracellular Ca2+ blocked the tyrosine phosphorylation of the proteins, suggesting that stretch-activated (SA) ion channels regulated stretch specific tyrosine phosphorylation [7].
• In a univariate analysis, high MMP-9 and low TIMP-1 levels precede appearance of new Gd+ lesions (respectively; odds ratio = 3.3, p = 0.008; odds ratio = 2.2, p = 0.086) [8].
• In patients with progressive disease, an increase in sTNF-R p55 level preceded the appearance of new Gd enhancing lesions on MRI, whereas a decrease in sICAM-1 levels correlated with the appearance of new Gd enhancing lesions [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of gadolinium

• Times of peak gadolinium concentration ([Gd]) after intravenous (IV) and left ventricular (LV) bolus injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine were determined in renal cortex and medulla in normal rabbits and in rabbits after saline load (overhydration) or hemorrhage (dehydration) [10].

Biological context of gadolinium

• Furthermore, Gd3+ and 9-AC changed cell volume by only approximately 2% in isosmotic solutions when SACs are expected to be closed [11].
• The number of Gd-enhanced lesions was significantly correlated with CSF cell counts, as well as the number of CD4(+)CD29(+) helper inducer and IL-2 receptor (CD25)-positive activated helper T cells [12].
• The AIF signal should be linear with respect to Gd concentration, convertible to the same concentration scale as the tissue signal, and independent of hematocrit [13].
• The final 30-2 Humphrey visual field mean deviation (MD) was 2.55 dB higher in patients in the lowest quartile of initial Gd-enhanced lesion length compared with the other quartiles (p < 0.01) but recovery was not related to the duration of enhancement [14].
• (2) These prolonged action potentials were shortened by Cd2+; Gd3+ (gadolinium); Ni2+; Mn2+; Co2+, in order of potency [15].

Anatomical context of gadolinium

• Prospectively, 28 patients with suspected carotid or arch vessel disease were imaged by contrast arteriographic examination and MRA + Gd of the aortic arch within 30 days of each other [16].
• RESULTS: By day 2 in PSab baboons, vein wall Gd enhancement was decreased in the mid-inferior vena cava and the right iliac vein (p < 0.05; GA6 vs control baboons), normalizing by 2 months [17].
• The mid-inferior vena cava revealed fewer neutrophils and total leukocytes in PSab baboons; however, for GA6 in the right iliac vein these decreases were not present despite the absence of Gd enhancement; they were decreased with CY1748 [17].
• The macromolecular Gd-labeled dendrimer (a half-life of approximately 80 min) increased the signal-to-noise by 81 +/- 30% in the left ventricle, 43 +/- 22% in the lung periphery, and -4 +/- 5% in the chest wall, thus increasing the contrast of these structures relative to the less vascular surrounding tissues [18].
• Serial Gd-enhanced optic nerve imaging was performed on 15 of the patients until enhancement ceased [14].

Associations of gadolinium with other chemical compounds

• METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging of the rat kidney was performed before and immediately after the administration of a combination of Gd and Dy chelates (Gd-DTPA-BMA and Dy-DTPA-BMA) [19].
• The increased Cho/Cr ratio found in Gd-enhancing plaques, in particular in the T(1) hypointense lesions, may reflect increased membrane cell turnover [20].
• In order to investigate this hypothesis, male Wistar rats were intravenously injected with either 7.5 mg/kg gadolinium chloride (Gd+) or NaCl 0.9% (Gd-) [21].
• In vitro, rat hepatocytes or Kupffer cells were treated with elastase (1 U/ml) +/- Gd (0.5 mg/ml) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 0.5 mg/ml) [22].
• Pulse cyclophosphamide decreases the number of Gd+ lesions in patients with active disease on IFN-beta compared to pulse methylprednisolone alone [23].

Gene context of gadolinium

• This method uses Abeta1-40 peptide, known for its high binding affinity to Abeta, magnetically labeled with either gadolinium (Gd) or monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION) [24].
• Patients found positive for TACE mRNA in PBMCs showed a significantly higher mean number of new Gd-enhancing lesions per scan one month following PBMC sampling [25].
• Raised CRP concentrations did correlate with infectious episodes, clinical relapse, and Gd enhancement, and were significantly raised when no MRI activity was found [2].
• Proportions of Tr cells amongst all CD4 T cells, and expression of IL-10 by Tr cells were increased in the patients with high LL and Gd-enhancing lesions [26].
• RESULTS: A non-significant trend (P < 0.05) was found only for the correlation of serum IFN-gamma levels and the number of active MRI lesions showing both Gd-enhancement and perifocal edema in the subgroup of patients (n=21) with active lesions [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of gadolinium

• Ventilation and perfusion MR images were obtained using laser polarized gas and gadolinium (Gd), respectively [28].
• Of them, 30 (50%) had at least one Gd-enhancing lesion on the baseline MRI scan [29].
• CONCLUSION: The application of external heat increases uptake of intravenously administered Gd contrast into the knee joint, and may help to optimize indirect MR arthrography at a relatively low cost [30].
• This prospective study evaluates the ability of MRI using T1-weighted fat-suppressed spin-echo (T1FS) and dynamic gadolinium chelate (Gd) enhanced spoiled-gradient echo (SGE) to detect the presence of pancreatic tumor in patients in whom spiral CT findings are inconclusive [31].
• Twenty-four hours after intravenous injection of 50 micrograms (1 mumol Gd/kg) of Gd-labeled immunoconjugates to nude mice grafted with human colorectal carcinoma LS 174T, the tumor uptake was 10% to 15%, resulting in an increase of R1 of up to 15% to 20% versus noninjected mice [32].

References