Disease relevance of holmium

• CONCLUSIONS: In patients with refractory unstable angina, TMR with a holmium laser provided significant angina relief [1].
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated 156 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia using a holmium laser with the mushroom technique [2].
• METHODS: Seventeen patients underwent noncontact holmium: YAG laser thermal keratoplasty in their nondominant eyes for correction of hyperopia of up to 3.00 diopters [3].
• Holmium: YAG laser is safe and effective for treating pediatric urolithiasis [4].
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight patients underwent flexible ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy for symptomatic renal and ureteral calculi between October 2003 and October 2004 [5].

High impact information on holmium

• Vascular injury and time course of smooth muscle cell proliferation after experimental holmium laser angioplasty [6].
• Laser energy generated by a Holmium: YAG (Cardiogenesis Corporation, Sunnyvale, California) laser was transmitted to the myocardium via a flexible optical fiber capped by an optic lens [7].
• At 30 min after occlusion, 8 dogs were randomized to the laser-treated group (30 to 40 transmural channels, 1 mm in diameter, were made in the cyanotic area using a holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser), and 10 were randomized to the control group (no treatment) [8].
• The mean diameter of the dissections was smaller for excimer-induced craters (1.38 +/- 0.42 mm; n = 22) than for holmium-induced (2.7 +/- 0.87 mm; n = 22) and thulium-induced (2.37 +/- 0.42 mm; n = 14) craters (p less than 0.01 vs. mid-infrared dissections) [9].
• To study adjacent tissue damage after delivery of holmium, thulium and excimer laser pulses, porcine thoracic aortas were irradiated in vivo [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of holmium

• Treatment of biliary calculi using holmium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser [10].
• CONCLUSION: The Holmium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet laser wavelength is capable of acute prostatic tissue vaporization and deserves ongoing study with potential application in the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men [11].
• Trivalent holmium ions were shown to isomorphously replace magnesium ions to form an ADP-2Ho complex in the nucleotide-binding domain of Bacillus subtilis 5-methylthioribose (MTR) kinase [12].
• PURPOSE: We review our technique of ureteroscopic management of lower pole renal calculi with Nitinol basket displacement and holmium laser stone fragmentation [13].
• BACKGROUND: The aim of the study presented here was to examine the accuracy of ureteroscopic biopsy in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and whether nephron-sparing management (holmium YAG laser, transurethral resection or partial ureterectomy) is possible or not based on pathological diagnosis [14].

Biological context of holmium

• The holmium (Ho):YAG laser, which has cutting and coagulating properties, has been demonstrated to have many applications in urology [15].
• Safety and efficacy of holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy in patients with bleeding diatheses [16].
• RESULTS: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate resulted in a significant improvement in subjective symptoms and urodynamic parameters [17].
• HoLEP is a transurethral procedure that uses the holmium laser fiber (wavelength 2,140 nm) to dissect whole prostatic lobes off of the surgical capsule in retrograde fashion, while maintaining excellent hemostasis [18].
• HoLEP and TURP resulted in a significant improvement in American Urological Association symptom scores, peak urinary flow rates and post-void residual urine volumes with symptoms scores and residual volume significantly better in the holmium group [19].

Anatomical context of holmium

• Ex vivo bovine articular cartilage was assessed 1, 3 and 6 days following holmium : YAG laser treatment (780 mJ) [20].
• A total of 25 patients (29 upper urinary tract calculi) underwent ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy [16].
• Holmium laser bladder neck incision versus holmium enucleation of the prostate as outpatient procedures for prostates less than 40 grams: a randomized trial [21].
• Extensive detachment of Descemet membrane after holmium laser sclerostomy [22].
• Holmium laser lithotripsy for ejaculatory duct calculi [23].

Associations of holmium with other chemical compounds

• We test the hypothesis that holmium: YAG lithotripsy of uric acid calculi produces cyanide [24].
• The X-ray crystal structures of cationic, heptadentate lanthanide complexes of holmium and ytterbium bound to lactate are reported and the observed bidentate chelation in the solid state is consistent with near-IR CD (Yb) and solution NMR measurements; the complexes are shown to act as aqueous chiral derivatising agents for alpha-hydroxy acids [25].
• The objective of this study was to determine the ability of the Holmium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet laser wavelength to vaporize prostatic tissue and create an immediate prostatectomy defect [11].
• Influence of neutron irradiation on holmium acetylacetonate loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres [26].
• Contrast agents based on the lanthanide elements gadolinium and holmium have recently been developed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [27].

Gene context of holmium

• RESULTS: The three-dimensional structure of holmium-substituted psoriasin has been determined by multiple anomalous wavelength dispersion (MAD) phasing and refined to atomic resolution (1.05 A) [28].
• Holmium: YAG laser to treat astigmatism associated with myopia or hyperopia [29].
• CONCLUSION: Although this technique has several advantages over other techniques (holmium, ALK, PRK, hexagonal RK), it has a high rate of retreatment and some complications [30].
• Winston Churchill said it best: "Give us the tools and we will finish the job." Industry has provided urologists with the tools in the form of advanced flexible ureteroscopes, the holmium laser, nitinol baskets, and the ureteral access sheath [31].
• Immunohistochemical study of localization of extracellular matrix after holmium YAG laser irradiation in rat cornea [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of holmium

• Six weeks after holmium laser angioplasty, SMC proliferation had returned to control levels in the intima and remained increased in the medial layer [6].
• Holmium laser ablation resulted in an initial decrease of the numbers of intimal cell layers in the early group (7 days after treatment: 5 +/- 1 cell layers with 76 +/- 39 microns; control: 13 +/- 3 cell layers with 144 +/- 44 microns) [6].
• PURPOSE: To investigate the use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the administration and biodistribution of holmium-loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres (Ho-PLLA-MS) in liver tumors [33].
• A holmium filter reduced skin exposure by more than 50% in excretory urography [34].
• Holmium laser lithotripsy is now used as a primary treatment modality for ureteral stones [35].

References