Disease relevance of valeric acid

• Thus, calcipotriol ointment was superior to betamethasone valerate ointment in psoriasis vulgaris [1].
• Compared with normal individuals, all short-chain fatty acids, except valerate, were elevated in patients with hepatic encephalopathy, whereas only the concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate were significantly elevated in cirrhotic patients without encephalopathy [2].
• Estradiol valerate did not ameliorate experimentally induced osteoarthritis in the rabbit [3].
• The minimum exposure to estrogen required to cause estrogen-withdrawal migraine has been studied by giving long-acting estradiol valerate to four women and short-acting estradiol benzoate to two women [4].
• No statistically significant difference was found between the 0.2% hydrocortisone valerate and the placebo in the acute skin response or the symptoms of radiation dermatitis [5].

Psychiatry related information on valeric acid

• Effects of estradiol valerate on voluntary alcohol consumption, beta-endorphin content and neuronal population in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus [6].

High impact information on valeric acid

• Injections of 17beta-estradiol valerate (0.1 mg/wk) from day 1 or of DBcAMP from day 22 resulted in insignificant changes in growth--28% and 35% increases in tumor volume and a 5% decrease and an 18% increase, respectively, in drained wet weight [7].
• This hypothesis is tested here in mouse brain by replacing the phenyl valerate substrate of the standard NTE assay with lysolecithin for an "NTE-LysoPLA" assay with four important findings [8].
• Hormone binding to tumors was decreased by treatment with prolactin (0.5 or 1 mg/day) or estradiol valerate (7.5 mg/kg/week) [9].
• GPR41 is related to GPR43 (52% similarity; 43% identity) and was activated by similar ligands but with differing specificity for carbon chain length, with pentanoate being the most potent agonist [10].
• NTE has homologues in Drosophila and yeast and is detected in vitro by assays with a non-physiological ester substrate, phenyl valerate [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of valeric acid

• Double-blind, right/left comparison of calcipotriol and betamethasone valerate in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris [1].
• Phenyl valerate esterases other than neuropathy target esterase and the promotion of organophosphate polyneuropathy [12].
• The response of psoriasis to betamethasone valerate and clobetasol propionate. A 6-month controlled study [13].
• Diflucortolone valerate (Nerisona): a comparative vasoconstriction test in artificially induced hyperemia of the skin [14].
• In a double-blind, paired-comparison study of the effectiveness of corticosteroid creams used under occlusion for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis, a new drug, halcinonide cream, was superior to betamethasone valerate cream, a steroid widely and effectively used for the treatment of psoriasis [15].

Biological context of valeric acid

• The active site regions of NEST and calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) share sequence similarity, and the phenyl valerate hydrolase activity of NEST is inhibited by low concentrations of iPLA(2) inhibitors [11].
• The kinase has a broad substrate specificity and exhibits its highest relative activities with butyrate and valerate [16].
• Two currently used steroids (clobetasone butyrate and betamethasone valerate) reproducibly cause vasoconstriction on topical application to human forearm skin [17].
• The effects of E2 on levels of plasma cP-selectin were evaluated during the menstrual cycle in healthy women (n = 18) and by measuring the effect of a single im injection of 10 mg E2 valerate (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) on cP-selectin levels in healthy male volunteers [18].
• Four hundred and twenty early postmenopausal women (<5 yr since menopause; mean age, 52 yr) were enrolled in a 3-month, double blind, placebo-controlled study of four doses of intranasal E2 (100, 200, 300, and 400 microg/day), two doses of oral E2 valerate (1 or 2 mg/day), and placebo [19].

Anatomical context of valeric acid

• We have also shown that 17 beta-estradiol valerate (E2V) affects lymphocyte stem cells by reducing TdT and RAG-1 mRNA [20].
• INTERVENTION: All patients on standby for donation were treated with E2 valerate 6 mg/d until oocytes became available; then P 100 mg/d was added [21].
• No adverse effect on the endometrium was observed at a daily dose of 4 mg oestradiol valerate, which produced plasma levels of oestradiol above the reference ranges of the natural cycle [22].
• Thus, by 32 weeks after estradiol valerate treatment, the number and size of IMP in neuronal membranes from females were not different from those seen in normal males [23].
• Eight-week-old female rats were treated with a single estradiol valerate injection that causes a progressive lesion that is specific to beta-endorphin-producing neurons throughout the arcuate nucleus [24].

Associations of valeric acid with other chemical compounds

• A sequential regimen of steroid replacement of oral estradiol valerate and progesterone (P) by intravaginal suppository was developed for women with premature ovarian failure or ovarian agenesis [25].
• We therefore studied cortisol, ACTH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and norepinephrine spillover and hemodynamic responses to a 10-min mental arithmetic test in 12 perimenopausal women randomized to 8 weeks of estrogen supplementation (estradiol valerate, 2 mg daily; n = 7) or placebo (n = 5) [26].
• Differential effects of hormone-replacement therapy on endogenous nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) levels in postmenopausal women substituted with 17 beta-estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate or medroxyprogesterone acetate [27].
• The PMW (n = 26) received continuous oral administration of estradiol valerate (Progynova, 2 mg daily) for 21 days supplemented with either oral cyproterone acetate (CPA; 1 mg; n = 11) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 5 mg; n = 15) on days 12-21 of each treatment cycle [27].
• In the series acetate, butyrate, valerate, caproate, it was clear that destabilization of the nucleosome increased as hydrophobicity (chain length) increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[28]

Gene context of valeric acid

• Cyclin D(1) expression was found to be strong in patients with treated estradiol valerate [29].
• Rat NTE-related esterase is a membrane-associated protein, hydrolyzes phenyl valerate, and interacts with diisopropylfluorophosphate through a serine catalytic machinery [30].
• Ethinylestradiol used in oral contraceptives, and 17 beta-estradiol and 17 beta-estradiol valerate for hormone replacement therapy, are able to activate JNK [31].
• Active vitamin D3 compounds, betamethasone valerate and cyclosporin A were compared with respect to their effects on chemokine production [32].
• With calcipotriol there was an increase in K5 and K10 responses with increasing response of epidermal thickness, which was not seen with betamethasone valerate [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of valeric acid

• To delineate and compare effects of EE and estradiol valerate (E2V) in doses needed in HRT on haemostasis parameters, 24 postmenopausal women were engaged in a study with an open cross-over design [34].
• Thrombocytopenia was induced in healthy, male mongrel dogs by intramuscular injection of a single dose of estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg) [35].
• Uterine LGR7/LGR8 expression, detected by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization on PND 0, 7, and 14, was predominantly stromal for LGR7, myometrial for LGR8, and increased with age and after treatment with estradiol valerate (50 microg/kg body weight x d) from birth [36].
• Patients applied hydrocortisone valerate to one-half of the irradiate area and the placebo to the other half beginning two weeks after the initiation of radiotherapy and continuing until three weeks after completion [5].
• Results of clinical trials indicate that topical tacalcitol is effective in the management of stable plaque psoriasis (and possibly pustular forms of the disease), and has a similar efficacy to topical betamethasone valerate in this setting [37].

References