Disease relevance of Mortality

• Later in life, single-cyclin mice displayed focused abnormalities, resulting in premature mortality. "Cyclin D1-only" mice developed severe megaloblastic anemia, "cyclin D2-only" mice presented neurological abnormalities, and "cyclin D3-only" mice lacked normal cerebella [1].
• Deficiency of iNOS substantially protected the AD-like mice from premature mortality, cerebral plaque formation, increased beta-amyloid levels, protein tyrosine nitration, astrocytosis, and microgliosis [2].
• A 45% higher death rate from lung cancer for Black men and a survival duration for Black patients with lung cancer that is generally shorter than that for White patients have also been reported [3].
• RESULTS: The average annual death rate from coronary heart disease was lower for patients who received tamoxifen than for patients who received placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant [4].
• ABO blood-group incidence and death-rates from ischaemic heart-disease [5].

Psychiatry related information on Mortality

• The available information on the world distribution of Huntington's disease (HD) from population surveys and death rate analysis is summarised and discussed in the light of genetic studies [6].
• Lithium has demonstrated possibly specific antisuicidal effects apart from its prophylactic efficacy: it significantly reduces the high excess mortality of patients with affective disorders [7].
• Heavy ED users had elevated mortality in all diagnoses, the most important excess mortality being from violent death, comprising suicide, probable suicide and alcohol/drug abuse, with an SMR of 6.3 (95 per cent CI = 6.0-6.7) [8].
• The finding of a geographical correlation between death rates from dementia and water aluminium concentrations in Norway has since been replicated in several other surveys [9].
• Indoor feeding behaviors and mortalities of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis females were evaluated following contact with selective (bands covering mosquitoes' preferred resting areas) and full applications of DDT and bendiocarb on indoor sprayable surfaces [10].

High impact information on Mortality

• In analyses by race and ethnicity, African American men and women have 40% and 18% higher death rates from all cancers combined than White men and women, respectively [11].
• RESULTS: Among the various subgroups, the standardized mortality ratio for the patients on dialysis who were awaiting transplantation (annual death rate, 6.3 per 100 patient-years) was 38 to 58 percent lower than that for all patients on dialysis (annual death rate, 16.1 per 100 patient-years) [12].
• The use of encainide and flecainide was discontinued because of excess mortality [13].
• This lack of a late effect could not be attributed to differential mortality, low phenytoin levels, or treatment of some early seizures in patients assigned to the placebo group [14].
• During the third interim analysis, the death rate at the 21st day was identical in the two groups (dexamethasone vs. placebo, 21 of 46 vs. 21 of 47; chi-square = 0.01, P = 0.93) [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Mortality

• In the treatment of stages 2 and 3 rectal cancer, significant reductions in local recurrence and death rates have been achieved with the combination of 5-fluorouracil and radiation therapy [16].
• The occurrence of agranulocytosis with mianserin in New Zealand is higher than that of white-cell dyscrasias reported with use of chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, and oxyphenbutazone, and although the case-fatality rate of agranulocytosis is lower with mianserin than with the other drugs, the overall mortality rate may be higher [17].
• The current most successful model, inhalation of carbon tetrachloride vapor in the phenobarbitone-induced rat, has a low yield of severe cirrhosis and a high death rate because there is no way to determine both the variation in response to carbon tetrachloride and the maintenance of a constant critical level of liver damage [18].
• When added to the previously reported trend toward excess mortality in lidocaine-treated patients, these data argue against the routine prophylactic use of lidocaine in patients with acute myocardial infarction [19].
• In anaphylaxis studies death rates were reduced from 100% with native allergen challenge to as low as 0% with high-ratio ISS-ODN AIC challenge [20].

Biological context of Mortality

• Fit persons with any combination of smoking, elevated blood pressure, or elevated cholesterol level had lower adjusted death rates than low-fit persons with none of these characteristics [21].
• The anomalous sex ratio of CV deaths in UGDP placebo-treated subjects dictates the conclusion that the CV death rate in placebo-treated subjects was spuriously low, giving the false impression of increased death rates in the other treatment groups, thereby accounting for all of the controversial observations reported by UGDP investigators [22].
• A possible explanation for the excess mortality and cardiac injury in mice treated with verapamil plus doxorubicin is that verapamil alters the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin [23].
• Consistent with previous studies, we show that the absence of IL-6 significantly impairs hepatocyte DNA synthesis and delays liver weight recovery after PH, but the defect observed in this study is less severe than that previously reported, and no excess mortality, massive necrosis on histology, nor differences in liver injury test are seen [24].
• Strikingly, overexpression of IL-9 resulted in premature mortality associated with a complex phenotype characterized by the development of autoantibodies, hydronephrosis, and T cell lymphoma [25].

Anatomical context of Mortality

• In CD4(+) T cells, mean proliferation and death rates were elevated by 6.3- and 2.9-fold, respectively, in infected patients compared with normal controls [26].
• Photoreceptor death rates were assessed with the TUNEL technique for detection of fragmenting DNA, in a developmental series from postnatal day (P)16 to P105 (adult) [27].
• We show that collicular injections of either kainic acid or BDNF and NT-4/5 blocking antibodies significantly increased retinal ganglion cell death in the neonatal rat 24 h postinjection, death rates returning to normal by 48 h [28].
• They also suffered excess mortality below age 60 for cancers of reproductive sites (cervix, ovary and endometrium; 15 deaths; SMR = 2.6) and lung (11 deaths; SMR = 3.2), but not for other sites (12 deaths; SMR = 0.9) [29].
• The severity of Aleutian disease (AD) was judged by the serum gammaglobulin level, the quantity of peripheral blood CD8 lymphocytes, antibody titers to VP1/2 and NS1 proteins and mink death rates [30].

Associations of Mortality with chemical compounds

• Prednisolone decreased serum bilirubin (P < 0.05) and globulin (P < 0.01) at three months; it delayed other biochemical remission occurring after the second month of medication (P < 0.001); it hastened biochemical relapse (P < 0.0001); and it increased the frequency of complications (P < 0.0001) and the death rate (P < 0.01) [31].
• Adjustment for these differences with two separate applications of the Cox method yielded P values of 0.14 and 0.34 for tests of difference in mortality, providing no evidence for a significant excess mortality associated with digoxin [32].
• Mortality among those withdrawn was high (22 per cent), and their exclusion reduced death rates to 4 per cent in those given tranexamic acid, 8 per cent in those given cimetidine, and 11 per cent in those given placebo (P = 0.0072 for tranexamic acid vs. placebo, P greater than 0.50 for cimetidine vs. placebo) [33].
• A serum aspartate aminotransferase level greater than or equal to 150 IU per liter at the time of hospital admission was associated with a case-fatality rate of 55 percent (33 of 60) [34].
• Patients with this risk factor who were treated with intravenous ribavirin within the first six days after onset of fever had a case-fatality rate of 9 percent (1 of 11) (P = 0.006), whereas those treated after seven days or more of illness had a fatality rate of 47 percent (9 of 19) (P = 0.035) [34].

Gene context of Mortality

• Prevention of UV-induced CD95 clustering by irradiating cells at 10 degrees C was associated with a significantly reduced death rate [35].
• Stage-adjusted recurrence and death rates were nonsignificantly better for BRCA2 cases (hazard ratios of 0.84 and 0.59 [P =.61 and P =.19], respectively) [36].
• However, after 48 h, the CD95/CD95L expression pattern switched back to CD95-/CD95L+ and the specific death rate decreased [37].
• Mutants lacking major covalently bound proteins, either all four described Pir-proteins or the five most abundant glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (Ccw12p, Ccw13p/Dan1p, Ccw14p/Icwp1p, Tip1p and Cwp1p), also had increased mortalities, the first somewhat more and the latter less than that of scw4scw10bgl2 [38].
• Both recurrence and death rates were significantly associated with low levels of ER and PR (p < 0.01) [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Mortality

• When tumors were induced in ICR/Ha female mice by the intraperitoneal injection of benzo(a)pyrene, those mice given vitamin K3 before or both before and after benzo(a)pyrene had a slower rate of tumor appearance and tumor death rate as compared with those receiving benzo(a)pyrene alone [40].
• The corresponding death rates were 81% for propranolol alone, 55% for endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol, and 66% for transhepatic sclerotherapy plus propranolol (p = 0.03) [41].
• There was a slightly higher death rate in CR during consolidation chemotherapy with ADE (9%) than with DAT (6%) (P = .06) [42].
• CONCLUSION: While the value of PSA screening for lowering mortality due to prostate cancer remains to be shown by randomized clinical trials, the majority of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in the PSA screening era do not have excess mortality compared to the general population under current patterns of medical care [43].
• Epidemiological studies with HQ have demonstrated lower death rates and reduced cancer rates in production workers when compared with both general and employed referent populations [44].

References