Disease relevance of PLAC1

• Using BeWo choriocarcinoma cells as a trophoblast model, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) stimulated steady-state PLAC1 mRNA expression approximately twofold by Northern analysis and quantitative real-time PCR [1].
• Lower maternal PLAC1 mRNA in pregnancies complicated with vaginal bleeding (threatened abortion <20 weeks) and a surviving fetus [2].
• Plasma PLAC1 and GCM1 mRNAs appear promising as noninvasively measurable molecular markers for pre-eclampsia [3].
• Lambda plac DNA induced much higher enzyme activities than infective phage particles [4].
• The total symptom score (TSS) (pain, burning, paresthesia, and numbness) in the feet decreased significantly from baseline to day 19 in ALA 1,200 and ALA 600 vs. PLAC [5].
• RNAi-mediated silencing of PLAC1 in MCF-7 and BT-549 breast cancer cells profoundly impairs motility, migration, and invasion and induces a G1-S cell cycle block with nearly complete abrogation of proliferation [6].

Psychiatry related information on PLAC1

• Although reaction times were longer after Trp (mean+/-SD, Plac-Neut 669 +/- 163 ms, I 715 +/- 174 ms, P < 0.01; Trp-Neut 712 +/- 193 ms, I 761 +/- 198 ms, P < 0.05), the Stroop effect was not significantly different between Plac and Trp [7].

High impact information on PLAC1

• In the Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy Study, 328 patients with NIDDM and symptomatic peripheral neuropathy were randomly assigned to treatment with intravenous infusion of alpha-lipoic acid using three doses (ALA 1,200 mg; 600 mg; 100 mg) or placebo (PLAC) over 3 weeks [5].
• RESULTS: The Scottish Physicians Clofibrate Study, the Newcastle upon Tyne Clofibrate Study, and the Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC I) Trial may have demonstrated a possible benefit in ACHD prognosis from effective lipid intervention in women [8].
• Placenta-specific expression of the alpha-subunit gene is determined by a composite enhancer made of three clustered components: cAMP-responsive elements, a GATA site, and the trophoblast-specific element (TSE) [9].
• One group (PRED + AZA) received prednisolone (on alternate days) plus azathioprine (2.5 mg/kg); the other group received prednisolone on alternate days plus placebo (PRED + PLAC) [10].
• Relapses and failures to remit over the 3 years were more frequent in the PRED + PLAC group [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of PLAC1

• Recently completed regression studies (PLAC I, PLAC II, KAPS and REGRESS) show that pravastatin slows progression of atherosclerosis and lowers the incidence of coronary events in patients with mild to moderately severe hypercholesterolaemia and known coronary heart disease [11].
• In this work, we used a lactose-inducible system based on the Lactobacillus casei lactose operon promoter (plac) for expression of the HPV-16 L1 protein in L. casei [12].
• OBJECTIVE: In previously well infants hospitalized with acute viral bronchiolitis, the effectiveness of repeated nebulized therapy with epinephrine (EPI) was compared with treatment with albuterol (ALB) or saline placebo (PLAC) [13].
• The pharmacokinetics of oral N4-palmitoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (PLAC), a lipophilic and deaminase-resistant derivative of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), were determined in patients with hematologic malignancies [14].
• Patients with non metastatic squamous cell lung cancer were treated with radiotherapy (RT) plus lonidamine (LND) or placebo (PLAC), according to a randomized double-blind study design [15].

Biological context of PLAC1

• These results make PLAC1 a marker for placental development, with a possible role in the establishment of the mother-fetus interface [16].
• A novel human X-linked gene shows placenta-specific expression and has been named PLAC1 [16].
• These studies were undertaken to define the cellular location of the mRNA for the human orthologue, PLAC1, within the human placenta, and to examine its expression throughout gestation [1].
• PLAC1 mRNA in Maternal Blood Correlates with Doppler Waveform in Uterine Arteries in Normal Pregnancies at the Second and Third Trimester [17].
• Recently, PLAC1, Oosp1-3, Papillote and CG16798 proteins were identified that share sequence homology with the N-terminal half of the ZP domain (ZP-N), but not with its C-terminal half (ZP-C) [18].

Anatomical context of PLAC1

• Agents known to be relevant to trophoblast differentiation were then tested for the ability to influence PLAC1 expression [19].
• Using an (35)S-labeled riboprobe, PLAC1 expression was trophoblast-specific at all stages of gestation (8-41 weeks); no expression was seen in cells within the stromal compartment or decidua [1].
• In situ hybridization studies with the antisense mRNA during mouse embryogenesis detect Plac1 expression from 7.5 dpc (days postcoitum) to 14.5 dpc in ectoplacental cone, giant cells, and labyrinthine trophoblasts [16].
• Erythrocyte Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity was lowest in the PLAC group [20].
• SUBJECTS: Twenty healthy non-diabetic male volunteers (27 +/- 5 y, 72 +/- 9 kg, 20 +/- 7% body fat; means +/- s.d.) fed a weight maintenance diet and randomly assigned to METH (n = 10) or PLAC (n = 10) treatment [21].

Associations of PLAC1 with chemical compounds

• The first tube contained the active PLAC, methyl nicotinate [22].
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a double-blind, cross-over study, eight subjects ingested L: -tryptophan (Trp) or placebo (Plac) on two separate test days [7].
• On each session they received oral doses of placebo (PLAC), diazepam in a rapid onset condition (FAST), or diazepam in a slow onset condition (SLOW) [23].
• Plasma glucose levels were significantly reduced after immersion in both trials (P less than 0.05), this decrease being greater in NIC (1.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) than in PLAC (0.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, P less than 0.05) [24].
• In untrained subjects VT at maximal exercise was reduced from 2.30 l/breath on PLAC to 1.99 on PROP and 2.12 on ATEN [25].

Other interactions of PLAC1

• Trophoblast-specific expression throughout gestation and responsiveness to KGF are consistent with a fundamental role for PLAC1 at the maternal-fetal interface [1].
• Characterization of the Placenta Specific Bovine Mammalian Achaete Scute-like Homologue 2 (Mash2) Gene [26].
• Median concentrations of PLAC1 and GCM1 mRNA in plasma of pre-eclamptic subjects respectively were 1625 and 2141 copies/ml, significantly higher than 195 and 881 copies/ml, the values for controls (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.001) [3].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PLAC1

• Consistent with these observations, quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that PLAC1 mRNA increases more than 300-fold during cytotrophoblast differentiation in culture to form syncytiotrophoblasts [19].
• METHODS: Consecutive patients needing mechanical ventilation for 48 h or more were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with three arms: CHX, CHX/COL, and placebo (PLAC) [27].
• After 2 weeks budesonide (BUD) or placebo (PLAC) pretreatment bronchoscopy was performed 2 days before (day -2) and 6 days after (day 6) RV16 inoculation (on days 0 and 1) [28].
• EEG mapping demonstrated in NIC-treated SDAT and MID patients a significant decrease in delta and theta, increase in alpha 2 and beta activity and an acceleration of the centroid of the total power spectrum as compared with pretreatment, while opposite changes occurred in PLAC-treated SDAT and MID patients [29].
• The concentration of ara-C and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (ara-U), metabolites of PLAC, were measured by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass fragmentography, respectively [14].

References