Disease relevance of Bronchoscopy

• The diagnostic value of the CD4 cell counts and the HIV p24 antigen were evaluated in a consecutive series of 105 HIV-infected patients experiencing 128 episodes of pulmonary symptoms which required bronchoscopy [1].
• METHODS: Patients with chronic cough of non-asthmatic (n=33; postnasal drip/rhinitis in 6, gastroesophageal reflux in 5, bronchiectasis in 3, and idiopathic in 19) and asthmatic (n=14) causes and 15 healthy controls underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy [2].
• We propose the following management algorithm: Rigid bronchoscopy is performed first in case of asphyxia, a radiopaque FB, or association of unilaterally decreased breath sounds and obstructive emphysema [3].
• Ten of 17 (59%) recipients with alpha1-AP deficiency who were followed for at least 1 yr after transplant with multiple surveillance and diagnostic bronchoscopies had at least one BALF containing unopposed NE, usually associated with the presence of > or = 10(5) colony forming units/ml BALF of aerobic bacteria [4].
• It is concluded that the major effect of bronchoscopy on lung function is due to topical lignocaine in the airways, and in patients with lung disease (excluding asthma or a central obstructing carcinoma) the insertion of the bronchoscope causes little additional obstruction [5].

Psychiatry related information on Bronchoscopy

• There was an increase in amnesia for the bronchoscopy with increasing age, but the most distinct difference between different age groups was that the amnesic action of flunitrazepam was evident earlier and persisted longer in patients of more than 60 yr [6].

High impact information on Bronchoscopy

• METHODS: Bronchoscopy was performed in 104 healthy volunteer subjects, including 28 nonsmokers and 76 smokers of one or more of the following substances: marijuana, tobacco, and/or cocaine [7].
• For nine patients, K-ras mutations were detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained during otherwise nondiagnostic bronchoscopies [8].
• Atropine as premedication for bronchoscopy [9].
• The yield of bronchoscopy was not influenced by use of zidovudine [10].
• INTERVENTIONS: Pulmonary assessment with arterial blood gases, pulmonary function tests, gallium-67 citrate scans, and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsies [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Bronchoscopy

• All gallium-67 citrate scans obtained in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Md.) were retrospectively analyzed and correlated with the results of bronchoscopy, chest radiography, and endoscopy [12].
• Baseline tests included viral serology, microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction for rhinovirus infection (HRV-PCR), histamine bronchial provocation and bronchoscopy [13].
• Concentrations of cefpodoxime in serum and bronchial mucosal biopsy were measured in 13 patients without active respiratory tract infection undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy [14].
• Two hours after the injection, flunitrazepam 0.01 mg kg-1 more frequently caused amnesia for pictures shown to the patients during the first 15 min after injection (failure to recall 42--75%, and for bronchoscopy 67%), than did diazepam 0.125 mg kg-1 (failure to recall 21--67%; bronchoscopy 38%) [15].
• Management of allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients at risk for cytomegalovirus disease using a surveillance bronchoscopy and prolonged pre-emptive ganciclovir therapy [16].

Biological context of Bronchoscopy

• Among five patients who underwent bronchoscopy before and after macrolide treatment, four showed decreased levels of IL-8 expression in airway epithelium as assessed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction [17].
• METHODS: The safety of the procedure was examined and sample volume, cell counts, cytokine concentrations, and bacterial culture results obtained by SI, spontaneous ES, and fibreoptic bronchoscopy were compared in 10 adults with CF [18].
• A patient with a negative personal and family history for bleeding was being prepared for bronchoscopy when an extremely long activated partial thromboplastin time was detected [19].
• When inhalation injury was suspected, confirmation by xenon-133 scanning, bronchoscopy, or both was obtained [20].
• Remifentanil attenuated the haemodynamic response to bronchoscopy (p < 0.05 for increases in arterial pressures and heart rate) [21].

Anatomical context of Bronchoscopy

• We conclude that analysis of induced sputum reveals information qualitatively similar to that obtained by analysis of BW and BAL and that sputum induction is not only noninvasive and easily repeated but also yields samples more concentrated and richer in airway secretions than those obtained by bronchoscopy [22].
• Bronchial epithelial cells were isolated from biopsy specimens obtained by means of bronchoscopy and cultured for 48 hours in serum- and hormone-free medium, with or without 10(-6) mol/L histamine [23].
• In contrast, the asthmatic subjects showed significantly greater (p < 0.05) O3-induced increases in several inflammatory endpoints (percent neutrophils and total protein concentration) in BAL as compared with normal subjects who underwent bronchoscopy (n = 20) [24].
• The concentrations of two antibiotics, amoxycillin and ciprofloxacin, were measured by microbiological assay in serum and in bronchial mucosa obtained at fibreoptic bronchoscopy in 38 patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy for a range of respiratory symptoms [25].
• METHODS: Immunostaining for MMP-3 and MMP-9 as well as for mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils was undertaken in acetone fixed and glycolmethacrylate embedded endobronchial biopsy specimens obtained by fibreoptic bronchoscopy under local anaesthesia [26].

Associations of Bronchoscopy with chemical compounds

• Pulmonary involvement was notably absent, with no suggestive findings radiographically on gallium citrate Ga 67 scanning or on bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy [27].
• The bronchial penetration of lomefloxacin, a new difluorinated quinolone, was evaluated in 36 patients who underwent bronchoscopies for diagnostic purposes [28].
• Topical lidocaine exaggerates laryngomalacia during flexible bronchoscopy [29].
• Six patients with asthma (mean methacholine provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 was 0.26 mg/ml) and six control subjects underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar wash [30].
• Sixteen subjects with asthma were phenotyped according to their response to inhaled antigen as single- or dual-phase responders, and then underwent bronchoscopy and segmental allergen bronchoprovocation [31].

Gene context of Bronchoscopy

• Furthermore, when patients with BOS had their BALF analyzed from their last bronchoscopy before the development of BOS (Future BOS [FBOS] group) (n=20), their levels of IL-1Ra were also significantly elevated compared to healthy lung transplant recipients and patients with acute rejection (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively) [32].
• Human bronchial epithelial cells were obtained under bronchoscopy from 21 patients with various respiratory diseases and incubated with or without IL-4, IL-10, or IL-13 [33].
• Furthermore, tracheocytes freshly harvested by bronchoscopy stained positively for CXCR3 by immunofluorescence microscopy, and 68% of cytokeratin-positive tracheocytes (i.e., the epithelial cell population) were positive for CXCR3 by flow cytometry [34].
• Before chemotherapy, multiple nonconsecutive sections of the bronchoscopy biopsy specimens of SCLC from 50 patients were analyzed immunohistochemically to detect Pgp and MRP expressions [35].
• STUDY DESIGN: Using a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with flexible bronchoscopy procedure, this study determined the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma (TH1), and IL-4 (TH2) in the supernatant of BAL fluid as well as the BAL cellular profiles of patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia (n = 14) [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Bronchoscopy

• Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, with proximal airway lavage (PAL) of the isolated left main bronchus and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL; bronchial fraction, the first 10 ml of fluid recovered) of the right middle lobe, was performed 18 h after each exposure [24].
• The evaluation included a respiratory questionnaire, a physical examination, allergy skin-prick tests, chest and sinus radiographs, esophageal pH monitoring, measurements of expiratory flows, methacholine and citric acid challenges, and flexible bronchoscopy for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial biopsies [37].
• Before and after treatment, the patients underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy and sampling of venous blood for measurements of GR mRNA levels [38].
• SCLC was identified in 10 patients by chest MRI after an equivocal chest radiograph or CT; in 28 by bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, or thoracotomy; and in 7 at autopsy [39].
• The topical application of lignocaine (Lidocaine) for local anesthesia before fiberoptic bronchoscopy produced no effect on lung mechanics in nine patients and 10 controls, but Pao2 decreased in both the patient and control groups [40].

References