Disease relevance of HR

• The human hairless gene (HR) has recently been cloned and mutations have been reported in families with autosomal recessive universal congenital alopecia and papular atrichia [1].
• Early passage BAECs were exposed to 24-h hypoxia followed by 4-h reoxygenation (HR) [2].
• The results showed that HR-gp100 protein, produced either in bacteria or in yeast, when loaded on DC from melanoma patients, stimulated autologous CD8+ lymphocytes [3].
• We propose to determine the effect of N2O on the amplitude of the HR under general anesthesia in children with hyperreflexia due to cerebral palsy [4].
• The gp100 used in this study was a recombinant molecule with diminished hydrophobicity, HR-gp100, produced in Escherichia coli bacteria and in Pichia pastoris yeast [3].

Psychiatry related information on HR

• Thus mice exhibit HR operant conditioning comparable with that observed in rats and monkeys [5].

High impact information on HR

• Cytokine and proto-oncogene messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are rapidly degraded through AU-rich elements in the 3' untranslated region [6].
• 14-3-3sigma is a p37 AUF1-binding protein that facilitates AUF1 transport and AU-rich mRNA decay [7].
• By heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, we show that 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase is encoded by the AUH gene, whose product had been reported elsewhere as an AU-specific RNA-binding protein [8].
• We have thus mapped the gene for this hereditary form of isolated congenital alopecia to a locus on chromosome 8p21-22 (ALUNC [alopecia universalis congenitalis]) [9].
• AUH, a gene encoding an AU-specific RNA binding protein with intrinsic enoyl-CoA hydratase activity [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of HR

• Nitrous oxide (N2O) depresses the HR in patients with normal spinal reflexes, although the effect of N2O in conditions with hyperreflexia such as cerebral palsy is not known [4].

Biological context of HR

• Mutations in the hairless gene (HR) cause this phenotype in both mouse and human [11].
• These findings suggest that VDR and HR, which are both zinc finger proteins, may be in the same genetic pathway that controls postnatal cycling of the hair follicle [11].
• Here, we present the genomic organization of the human hairless gene (HGMW-approved symbol HR), which spans over 14 kb on chromosome 8p12 and is organized into 19 exons [12].
• The properties of the cell types present in Hr-/- skin suggest that the normal balance of cell proliferation and differentiation is disrupted, supporting a model in which HR regulates the timing of epithelial cell differentiation in both the epidermis and hair follicle [13].
• Analysis of gene expression revealed upregulation of keratinocyte terminal differentiation markers and a novel caspase in Hr-/- skin, substantiating HR action as a co-repressor in vivo [13].

Anatomical context of HR

• To facilitate these studies, we developed an HR operant conditioning protocol in mice, which are better suited to genetic manipulation and electrophysiological spinal cord study in vitro than rats or primates [5].
• In ELISPOT assays, increased number of IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients, but not from healthy controls, were measured upon stimulation with HR-gp100-loaded DC [3].
• Hoffmann's reflex or H-reflex (HR) is an electrically elicited reflex that measures excitability of motoneurons and shares some physiologic properties with the deep tendon reflex [4].
• Recent work linking these pathways in epithelial stem cell differentiation has come from studies analyzing the in vivo function of the nuclear receptor corepressor, Hairless (HR) [14].
• This approach allowed us to establish an LPS-induced ARE mRNA expression profile in human monocytes and determine the half-lives of 470 AU-rich mRNAs [15].

Associations of HR with chemical compounds

• HR induced significant injury in GFP-transfected BAECs, as indicated by increases in LDH release and trypan blue-stained cells (p < 0.01); however, the HR-induced injury was markedly attenuated in CYP2J2-transfected cells (p < 0.01) [2].
• HR increased cellular 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (p < 0.05), and decreased eNOS expression, L-arginine uptake and conversion, and nitrite production (p < 0.01) in GFP-transfected BAECs [2].
• At 30 degrees C, both thiol-sensitive (HS) and thiol-resistant (HR) hydrolases were relatively resistant to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM); incubation with dithiothreitol prior to NEM resulted in complete inactivation [16].
• Starting with soluble proteins extracted from the cotyledons of 5-d-old soybean seedlings and a 45% ammonium sulfate precipitation, MS and gMDH coeluted on Superdex 200 HR (low-ionic-strength buffer) as a complex with an approximate relative molecular mass (Mr) of 670,000 [17].
• The maximum amplitudes of the HR (HRmax) and direct motor response (MRmax) were routinely evoked under the following anesthetic conditions: 1) sufentanil and 66% N2O/33% oxygen; and 2) sufentanil and 100% oxygen [4].

Other interactions of HR

• NBS1 complex binds to damaged-DNA directly, and HR repair is initiated [18].
• Treatment of BAECs with synthetic EETs and/or epoxide hydrolase inhibitors also showed protective effects against HR injury (p < 0.05) [2].
• HR resulted in cell injury, as indicated by significant increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and trypan blue stained cells (p < 0.01) and was associated with a decrease in CYP2J2 protein expression [2].
• A purified NAD:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase, in the presence of NAD, inactivated both HS and HR; Mg2+ and to a greater extent Mg2+ plus dithiothreitol protected both HS and HR from NAD- and transferase-dependent inactivation [16].
• HR-gp100 could represent a useful tool to load DC with multiple immunogenic epitopes/antigen-derived epitopes for the immunotherapy of melanoma [3].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of HR

• Direct sequence analysis of the HR gene in the nuclear family was performed [19].
• Stimulation of CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients with HR-gp100-loaded DC was visualized by confocal microscopy using stained target cells, and was quantitatively measured by the production of IFN-gamma using an ELISPOT assay [3].
• METHODS: Twenty-eight Korean women were treated using hair removal (HR) (600-950 nm filter) and 27 using HR-D (645-950 nm filter) in the axillary area [20].
• H-reflex (HR), F-wave (FW), and nerve-conduction measurements (NCM) between the diabetic and non-diabetic (control) groups were compared [21].

References