Disease relevance of IL1RL1

• We also established stable transfectants of a human glioblastoma cell line, T98G, that express human ST2L constitutively, and we confirmed cell-surface expression of human ST2L protein on the transfectants [1].
• This study investigated whether the prevalence of hay fever in RA is low and if severity of RA (T1 cell activity) can be influenced by the concomitant occurrence of a T2 cell mediated disease (hay fever) [2].
• A T2 cytokine environment may not limit T1 responses in human immunodeficiency virus patients with a favourable response to antiretroviral therapy [3].
• Increased levels of soluble ST2 protein and IgG1 production in patients with sepsis and trauma [4].
• PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Whole blood from 14 consecutive patients undergoing AAAR withdrawn prior to surgery (T1), at the end of ischemia (T2), 90 min after declamping (T3) and on the first postoperative day (T4) was cultured in the absence or presence of LPS [5].

Psychiatry related information on IL1RL1

• In contrast, within the CG, paternal parenting stress was negatively associated with adaptive parenting at T1 but showed no enduring negative effects in longitudinal analyses [6].
• For both groups, there was a direct positive association between T1 use utility and T2 alcohol consumption and an indirect association with T2 alcohol problems via alcohol consumption [7].
• Consistent with the proposal that children's self-perceptions become more realistic with age, Time 1 (T1) teacher ratings were more highly correlated with student self-ratings at T2 than T1 and contributed to the prediction of T2 self-concept beyond effects mediated by T1 self-concepts [8].

High impact information on IL1RL1

• In addition several new mediators of control have emerged, including IL-18, the intriguing Th2-selective T1/ST2 product, and heterogeneity in dendritic cells capable of directing cytokine-independent Th development [9].
• Hybridization with the 9q34.3 probe detected multiple transcripts in SUP-T1 RNA and small amounts of larger transcripts in T cells lacking the t(7;9)(q34;q34.3) translocation [10].
• Sequence analysis of DNA from the t(7;9)(q34;q34.3) translocation of SUP-T1 revealed that chromosome 9 DNA had recombined with DNA 5' to rearranged D-J regions in the beta T cell receptor gene of chromosome 7 [10].
• DNA containing breakpoints of two different t(7;9) chromosomal translocations was cloned from the T lymphoblastic tumor cell lines SUP-T1 and SUP-T3 [10].
• The cytokine IL-33 is the specific ligand for ST2 [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of IL1RL1

• OBJECTIVE: Intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the most efficient modality for the treatment of carcinoma in situ and prevention of recurrences of Ta and T1 bladder tumors [12].
• Polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase 2, glutathione S-transferases T1 and M1, and promoter polymorphisms of the genes encoding for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 were investigated in 151 Caucasian patients with psoriasis (100 with type I and 51 with type II psoriasis) and in 123 healthy controls [13].
• The presence of venous thrombus was assessed separately in 80 veins using true FISP and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images [14].
• Soluble ST2 levels were increased in the serum of human patients (N=69) 1 day after myocardial infarction and correlated positively with creatine kinase (r=0.41, P<0.001) and negatively with ejection fraction (P=0.02) [15].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: ST2 levels were measured in serum from 810 patients with acute myocardial infarction in the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 14 (362 patients) and Enoxaparin and TNK-tPA With or Without GPIIb/IIIa Inhibitor as Reperfusion Strategy in STEMI (ENTIRE)-TIMI 23 (448 patients) clinical trials [16].

Biological context of IL1RL1

• The human ST2 gene (IL1RL1) contains 13 exons and spans 40 kb in length [1].
• Here, we have investigated T1/ST2 signal transduction, using either transient overexpression of T1/ST2 or a cross-linking monoclonal antibody to activate cells [17].
• The ST2 gene encodes both membrane-bound ST2L and soluble ST2 (sST2) proteins by alternative splicing [18].
• To analyze the cis-regulatory elements responsible for the induced transcription, we fused a 1.6-kilobase segment of the rat T1 kininogen promoter to a reporter gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) [19].
• These data indicate that the sequence homology between IL-1RI and T1/ST2 indicates a functional homology as well [20].

Anatomical context of IL1RL1

• Here we analyze the mechanisms and therapeutic implications of the unique ability of ST2 to promote development and function of type 2 helper T cells through a positive feedback loop, as well as to act as a negative feedback modulator of macrophage pro-inflammatory function [21].
• The former group includes the receptor for the important Th1 cytokine IL-18, and T1/ST2, which may have a role in Th2 cell function [22].
• Similarly, in Balb/c-3T3 cells, the expression of soluble ST2 mRNA and protein was induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli such as TNF, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and PMA in both exponentially growing and quiescent cells [23].
• The labeled human ST2 protein bound with myeloma-derived RPMI8226 cells among the various B-cell lines, indicating possible involvement of ST2 in T-cell/B-cell interaction [24].
• Using the RT-PCR method, we found that the ST2 gene was broadly expressed in hematopoietic cell lines [24].

Associations of IL1RL1 with chemical compounds

• In vitro exposure to LPS augmented expression of IL-1RI, T1/ST2 and MyD88, whereas it inhibited that of IL-1RII and rsc786 [25].
• On the other hand, one of the Th2 cell lines, D10, expressed ST2L (transmembrane form) without stimulation, while co-stimulation by PMA and A23187 induced ST2 (soluble form) mRNA [24].
• Deletion analyses revealed two regions important for tissue-specific and induced regulation of T1 kininogen: sequences proximal to base pair -73 conferred enhanced expression in liver-derived cells and a distal region that conferred responsiveness to conditioned medium, recombinant IL-6, and dexamethasone [19].
• Transfection of ST2V cDNA into COS7 cells in the presence of [(35)S] methionine and cysteine produced radiolabeled 40 kDa protein, which is recognized by specific monoclonal antibody against human ST2 [26].
• We describe in this report the cloning and characterisation of a cDNA encoding a homologue of ST2L in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [27].

Physical interactions of IL1RL1

• The expression of ST2 gene in helper T cells and the binding of ST2 protein to myeloma-derived RPMI8226 cells [24].
• Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed the binding of ST2 to the surface of the THP-1 cells, in which ST2 led to decreased binding of nuclear factor-kappaB to the IL-6 promoter [28].

Regulatory relationships of IL1RL1

• ST2 suppresses IL-6 production via the inhibition of IkappaB degradation induced by the LPS signal in THP-1 cells [28].

Other interactions of IL1RL1

• T1/ST2--an IL-1 receptor-like modulator of immune responses [21].
• CONCLUSION: These results argue in favour of the exploration of treatments aimed at regulation of a possible imbalance in T1/T2 cell activity in RA [2].
• Pharmacokinetic analysis following the intravenous bolus injection has shown that IL-4 is rapidly cleared (mean T1/2 = 19 +/- 8.7 min) from a small compartment (mean Vd = 4.9 +/- 3.68 l) probably indicating that IL-4 is retained in the systemic circulation or at most the extracellular fluid volume [29].
• These results demonstrated that ST2 negatively regulates LPS-induced IL-6 production via the inhibition of IkappaB degradation in THP-1 cells [28].
• Investigating GATA-3 gene regulation in human T cells we have found that naive T cells highly express GATA-3, and during early T2 or T1 polarization, respectively, they either maintain or quickly down-regulate expression [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of IL1RL1

• We analyzed the expression of ST2 in mouse helper T cell subsets with Northern blotting analysis [24].
• In the competitive ELISA using biotinylated and nonlabelled MAbs, neither FB9 nor HB12 affected the binding of 2A5 to ST2 gene products [31].
• The ELISA, combined with the flow cytometry using these antibodies, will be a useful tool for elucidating the functions of human ST2 gene products in individuals [31].
• All three antibodies were shown to detect native forms of the human ST2 gene products by immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [31].
• In multivariate models including BNP and ProANP, the change in ST2 remained significant as a predictor of mortality or transplantation independent of BNP and ProANP [32].

References