Disease relevance of Interphase

• Cyclin A is identical to p60, a protein that associates with p34cdc2 in interphase cells and with adenovirus E1A in transformed cells [1].
• Treatment of interphase murine mastocytoma cells with 10(-4) M colchicine promoted cap formation by Con A in about 30% of the cells, followed by cytolysis [2].
• We have exploited this characteristic of an imprinted region by using FISH at D15S9 and SNRPN (small nuclear ribonucleo protein N) on interphase nuclei to distinguish between Angelman and Prader-Willi syndrome patient samples with uniparental disomy of chromosome 15q11-q13 (n = 11) from those with biparental inheritance (n = 13) [3].
• They also colocalize with BMI1 in interphase nuclei of U-2 OS human osteosarcoma and SW480 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells [4].
• Using DNA fiber fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and 3-color interphase FISH, 2 cases of follicular lymphoma were identified in which the BCL2 gene was excised from 18q21 and inserted into the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus at 14q32 [5].

High impact information on Interphase

• As the copy number of Rb9 increases, the association with the interphase nucleolus of the rDNA repeats centromeric to the Apc locus on Chromosome 18 is increasingly disrupted [6].
• Inscuteable and Staufen interact and colocalize with prospero RNA on the apical cortex of interphase neuroblasts [7].
• We observed a striking preferential but not exclusive association of Drosophila ORC2 with heterochromatin on interphase and mitotic chromosomes [8].
• Unexpectedly, Ikaros localized to discrete heterochromatin-containing foci in interphase nuclei, which comprise clusters of centromeric DNA as defined by gamma-satellite sequences and the abundance of heterochromatin protein-1 (HP-1) [9].
• Xcdc6 binds to chromatin at the beginning of interphase but disappears from chromatin upon initiation of replication [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Interphase

• Cellular RNA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells synchronized in mitosis (M) or G2 phase, as well as in interphase cells subjected to hyperthermia (42 degrees C, 10 min), was stained with acridine orange (AO), ethidium bromide (EB), or pyronin Y (PY) and the resultant fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry [11].
• Estradiol, a naturally occurring estrogen, decreased the amount of cytoplasmic microtubule fibers during interphase in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 [12].
• Combined staining of non-cultured interphase nuclei from hydatidiform moles with distamycin A and DAPI resulted in the presence of specific stained interphase bodies [13].
• We examined the initial yields and the kinetics of rejoining of interphase chromosome breaks in irradiated plateau-phase Chinese hamster ovary cells by means of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) using either Sendai virus or polyethylene glycol (PEG) as fusogens [14].
• The presence of DNA topoisomerase IIalpha was investigated in interphase and metaphase mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) Friend-S cells, and in extracted with 25 mM lithium diiodosalicylate buffer (Lis) nuclei using indirect immunofluorescence [15].

Biological context of Interphase

• We have aligned the molecular map of the Notch locus to the cytological features of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of D. melanogaster in order to determine the interphase chromatin structure of this gene [16].
• Mutations at the string (stg) locus cause cell-cycle arrest during this transition, in G2 of interphase 14, yet do not arrest other aspects of development [17].
• The kinase activity of pp60c-src is specifically and transiently increased during mitosis and repressed during interphase [18].
• Inhibition of phosphatases with okadaic acid in interphase cells leads to the phosphorylation of c-Abl mitotic sites, indicating that those sites are preferentially dephosphorylated during interphase [19].
• Specifically, if p9 is removed from interphase egg extracts, these p9-depleted extracts are unable to carry out the proteolysis of cyclin B after entry into mitosis and thus remain arrested in M phase [20].

Anatomical context of Interphase

• In contrast, the mitotic lamin B may be associated with membrane fragments derived from the disassembled interphase nuclear envelope [21].
• The mDia family proteins, for example, function downstream of Rho to stabilize and align microtubules in interphase cells [22].
• Other B cells that were bound to the same Th cells but were not close to the Th-MTOC remained in interphase [23].
• In Drosophila syncytial blastoderm embryos, centrosomes specify the position of actin-based interphase caps and mitotic furrows [24].
• Biochemical analysis of spectrin solubility in Triton X-100 extracts indicates that only 10-15% of the spectrin is soluble in interphase CHO or HeLa cells growing attached to tissue culture plastic [25].

Associations of Interphase with chemical compounds

• The high transcriptional activity characteristic of cycle 14 can be precociously induced by extending interphase with cycloheximide as early as, but not before, cycle 10 [26].
• Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) and non-snRNP splicing factors containing a serine/arginine-rich domain (SR proteins) concentrate in 'speckles' in the nucleus of interphase cells [27].
• A definitive defect of interphase is abolishment of Cds1 (a checkpoint kinase) activation in the presence of hydroxyurea in both cnd2-1 mutant cells and in cells where other condensin subunits have been genetically disrupted [28].
• Nocodazole itself has no effect on junctional coupling in interphase cells, regardless of the extent of intercellular flattening, whereas taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, does reduce the extent of coupling in interphase cells [29].
• Using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and DNA quantitation in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization, we detected gross chromosomal movements in diploid interphase nuclei of larvae [30].

Gene context of Interphase

• Addition of the PRAD1 protein to interphase clam embryo lysates containing inactive p34cdc2 kinase and lacking endogenous cyclins allows it to be isolated using beads bearing p13suc1, a yeast protein that binds cdc2 and related kinases with high affinity and coprecipitates kinase-associated proteins [31].
• Ablation of cyclin A messenger RNA in cytostatic factor/metaphase-arrested extracts of Xenopus eggs, followed by in vitro progression into interphase, resulted in the premature appearance of cyclin B-cdc2-associated H1 kinase activity and premature entry into mitosis [32].
• Our results indicate that SRPK1 may have a central role in the regulatory network for splicing, controlling the intranuclear distribution of splicing factors in interphase cells, and the reorganization of nuclear speckles during mitosis [27].
• Indirect immunofluoresence staining of interphase nuclei localized SETDB1 predominantly in euchromatic regions that overlap with HP1 staining in nonpericentromeric regions of chromatin [33].
• Bmi1, M33, and Mph1 show an overlapping speckled distribution in interphase nuclei [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Interphase

• We used two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization and three-dimensional microscopy to map the positions of the RET and H4 loci within interphase nuclei [35].
• The intracellular spatial relationships between elements of the Golgi apparatus (GA) and microtubules in interphase cells have been explored by double immunofluorescence microscopy [36].
• Moreover, microinjection of affinity-purified anti-ECT2 antibody into interphase cells also inhibits cytokinesis [37].
• Ankyrin immunoreactivity was localized by indirect immunofluorescence in a colchicine- and detergent-sensitive cytoplasmic meshwork in interphase cells [38].
• Using indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy we have shown that ATRX protein is associated with pericentromeric heterochromatin during interphase and mitosis [39].

References