Disease relevance of Tupaiidae

• The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) is a useful animal model for the development of HCC after human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection or AFB1 treatment [1].
• Differences between the chicken, tree shrew, and primate animal models of myopia are outlined, and the various experimental paradigms used to investigate refractive error development and ocular growth in the chicken are compared [2].
• To examine whether collagen crosslinking is important for the regulation of refractive development, tree shrews were treated with agents that block collagen crosslinking [beta-aminoproprionitrile (beta-APN), or D-penicillamine (DPA)] and underwent monocular deprivation (MD) of form vision by eyelid closure to induce myopia [3].
• Eight spontaneous pulmonary tumors (four bronchiolar tubular adenomas, two bronchiolar adenocarcinomas, two squamous-cell carcinomas) occurred in a total of 54 adult tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) of the GPC colonies between 1978 and 1994 [4].
• It was found that purified virions of the tree shrew consist of a least 37 viral polypeptides when determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [5].

Psychiatry related information on Tupaiidae

• The alternating order of stressful events revealed that the negative correlation between the level of adrenal steroid hormones and memory performance does not account for the long-lasting effects of psychosocial stress in tree shrews [6].
• The present study evaluated the effect of subchronic oral treatment of psychosocially stressed male tree shrews with diazepam on locomotor activity, marking behavior, avoidance behavior, and urinary cortisol and noradrenaline [7].

High impact information on Tupaiidae

• To investigate potential involvement of NO in cone photoreceptor activity, we utilized NADPH diaphorase histochemistry to study the cone-dominated retina of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) [8].
• The localization of the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 was studied in different mammalian retinae (rat, monkey, and tree shrew) by using immunocytochemical methods [9].
• Here we combine optical imaging of intrinsic signals with small extracellular injections of biocytin to assess quantitatively the specificity of horizontal connections with respect to both the map of orientation preference and the map of visual space in tree shrew V1 [10].
• Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation [11].
• Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews [12].

Biological context of Tupaiidae

• Four weeks of stress exposure resulted in a downregulation of GR mRNA in the dentate gyrus and hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3 of subordinate male tree shrews compared to controls [13].
• Binding sites of atrial natriuretic peptide in tree shrew adrenal gland [14].
• Two MHC class I cDNA sequences from the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), Tube-W01 and Tube-W02, have been isolated which are probably derived from classical class I genes [15].
• Cloning of glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor cDNA and gene expression in the central nervous system of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) [16].
• Urinary immunoreactive androgen levels during sexual development in the male tree-shrew (Tupaia belangeri) [17].

Anatomical context of Tupaiidae

• The time course of changes in mRNA levels in tree shrew sclera during induced myopia and recovery [18].
• Adult common tree shrews of both sexes, divided into 3 groups, were injected with red latex, blue vinyl resin, and Batson's No. 17 plastic mixture for the studies of arterial supply, venous drainage, and microvasculature of the pineal gland, respectively [19].
• A moderate innervation of leu-enkephalin immunoreactive nerve fibers has been demonstrated in both superficial and deep pineal gland of the tree shrew [20].
• In this study, we searched for genes expressed in the hippocampal formation after chronic cortisol treatment in male tree shrews [21].
• Characterization of prostaglandin E2 binding to uterine membranes from baboon, rabbit and tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) [22].

Associations of Tupaiidae with chemical compounds

• In experimental tree shrews, psychosocial conflict caused elevated cortisol levels during the stress phases [6].
• Awake experimental tree shrews (freely moving, restrained, or paralyzed) were given injections of deoxyglucose label and then stimulated with vertical, horizontal, or oblique stripes for 45--75 min [23].
• Male tree shrews were submitted to subordination stress for 28 days, while during the last 18 days, one group was treated with testosterone and one with vehicle [24].
• The frequent occurrence of GABAergic synapses on pinealocytes in the tree shrew suggests that GABA released at these synapses directly controls activity of pinealocytes of this animal [25].
• In tree shrews, alpha 2-adrenoceptors can be autoradiographically quantified in regions which are not labeled in the rat, although former data predicted the existence of such receptors, e.g., in the area of the adrenaline cell group C1 [26].

Gene context of Tupaiidae

• These data underline the close relationship between human and tree shrew CRF-R1 [27].
• Form-deprivation myopia induces activation of scleral matrix metalloproteinase-2 in tree shrew [28].
• These data indicate that both GR and MR mRNAs are highly expressed in tree shrew brain with a species-specific expression pattern [16].
• Origin of butyrylcholinesterase in the lateral geniculate nucleus of tree shrew [29].
• Thus, in the tree shrew LGN it appears that BuChE is not metabolically related to or dependent upon AChE nor does it originate from retinal sources, but rather BuChE appears to represent an enzyme that is endogenous to the LGN [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Tupaiidae

• In the present study, the localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, Type I NOS) in the cone-dominant tree shrew retina was studied using NADPH-d histochemistry and nNOS immunocytochemistry [30].
• Collectively, these results indicate that oltipraz reduces AFB(1) risk biomarkers in the tree shrew in a manner similar to that observed in rodents and humans, and establishes a rationale to evaluate cancer chemoprevention by oltipraz in human HBV-infected, AFB(1) exposed tree shrews [31].

References