Disease relevance of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• Many of the factors that can affect fetal renal development (i.e. exposure to excess glucocorticoids, insufficient vitamin A, protein/calorie malnutrition (in rats) and alterations in the intrarenal renin angiotensinogen system), also produce hypertension in the adult animal [1].
• Specific activity (units per milligram of membrane protein) of ouabain sensitive Na+ and K+ adenosine triphosphatase was significantly higher in erythrocyte membrane preparations from children with kwashiorkor but not from children with marasmus [2].
• Plasma half-life and metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine administered intravenously in a dose of 16 mg/kg body weight was studied in 10 children suffering from protein calorie malnutrition and five normal children matched in age and sex [3].
• Disappearance of plasma growth hormone in acromegaly and protein-calorie malnutrition after somatostatin [4].
• In infants suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition, the decreased intestinal mucosal lactase specific activity could be due either to the protein-calorie malnutrition or to the commonly associated enteritis (viral or bacterial) and intestinal parasites [5].

Psychiatry related information on Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• The clinical spectrum of acrodermatitis enteropathica (n = 226) is compared with symptoms reported in other Zn deficiencies: total parenteral nutrition without Zn (n = 21), protein energy malnutrition (n = 24), gastrointestinal disease (n = 79), geophagia (n = 227), and dietary low intake (n = 23) [6].

High impact information on Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• Chronic diarrhea developed several weeks after the initiation of azathioprine and resulted in micronutrient depletion and severe protein-calorie malnutrition, which was unresponsive to oral pancreatic enzyme therapy or a gluten-free diet [7].
• To test whether large doses of vitamin A supplements prevented keratomalacia, a case-control analysis was done, with patients with severe protein-energy malnutrition being used as controls [8].
• Hepatic steatosis after intestinal bypass--prevention and reversal by metronidazole, irrespective of protein-calorie malnutrition [9].
• Letter: Thyroid-hormone levels in protein-calorie malnutrition [10].
• The poor growth associated with protein-calorie malnutrition occurs despite circulating growth hormone levels that are normal or elevated and is thought to be mediated partly by blunted generation of insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) in the liver [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• Persistent impairment of insulin secretory response to glucose in adult rats after limited period of protein-calorie malnutrition early in life [12].
• Alveolar macrophage function in rats with severe protein calorie malnutrition. Arachidonic acid metabolism, cytokine release, and antimicrobial activity [13].
• The effectiveness of enteral and parenteral feeding in supporting a satisfactory nutritional status and/or reversing protein-energy malnutrition was evaluated in 28 children, ages 1-19 (14 female) with advanced malignant disease (21 solid tumors, 7 leukemia-lymphoma) [14].
• Cortisol metabolism and the pituitary-adrenal axis in adults with protein-calorie malnutrition [15].
• A problem of protein-calorie malnutrition existed (transthyretin and retinol-binding protein concentrations were low) associated with vitamin A deficiency (retinol concentrations were low) [16].

Biological context of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• Response of splanchnic and whole-body leucine kinetics to treatment of children with edematous protein-energy malnutrition accompanied by infection [17].
• The numbers of patients admitted to the Public Health Service Indian Hospital, in Tuba City, Arizona, with deficits in weight for their chronological ages, marasmus, and kwashiorkor were compared during two 5-year-periods, 1963 to 1967 and 1969 to 1973 [18].
• Influence of protein-calorie malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics, placental transfer and tissue localization of dexamethasone in rats [19].
• Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin and erythropoiesis in protein-energy malnutrition [20].
• We studied the circadian rhythm and the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to ovine corticotrophin releasing hormone (oCRH) stimulation and dexamethasone suppression in 32 children with grade II-III marasmus [21].

Anatomical context of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• Erythrocyte membrane Na+ and K+ activated adenosine triphosphatase in protein-calorie malnutrition [2].
• Thyroid iodide clearance and radioiodide uptake in protein-calorie malnutrition [22].
• Biotin supplementation affects lymphocyte carboxylases and plasma biotin in severe protein-energy malnutrition [23].
• Noradrenaline levels and morphologic alterations of myocardium in experimental protein-calorie malnutrition [24].
• The availability of essential fatty acids (linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids) or their derivatives (arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids) may alter in plasma and cell membrane phospholipid in protein-energy malnutrition in children and in Crohn's disease in adults [25].

Gene context of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• RESULTS: Mean (+/-SE) serum SHBG concentrations were higher in the children with kwashiorkor (0.18 +/- 0.07 micromol/L) than in the children with marasmus (0.11 +/- 0.05 micromol/L, P < 0.0001) or the control subjects (0.11 +/- 0.03 micromol/L, P < 0.0005) [26].
• Prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hromone in protein-calorie malnutrition [27].
• To determine the effects of protein calorie malnutrition on the spleen, liver-specific IGF-I-deficient mice were assigned to one of four isocaloric diets, differing in the protein content (20, 12, 4, and 0%), for a period of 10 d [28].
• DESIGN: Nonblinded study of GM-CSF in mice with protein-energy malnutrition [29].
• Detection of TNF did not correlate with sEPO or Hgb, but did correlate strongly with severe caloric malnutrition (marasmus) and mortality at 6 months (p = 0.049 and 0.04, respectively). gamma-IFN was not detected [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• Weight, height, midarm circumference (AC), midarm muscle circumference (AMC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), and plasma thyroxine binding (TBPA) were measured in 73 children free from any clinical evidence of disease and in 15 severe protein-energy malnourished (PEM) (marasmus, marasmic kwashiorkor, and kwashiorkor) Nigerian preschool children [31].
• Serum insulin-like growth factors I and II concentrations and growth hormone and insulin responses to arginine infusion in children with protein-energy malnutrition before and after nutritional rehabilitation [32].
• In eight infants and children who had recovered from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), muscle mass was estimated by measuring creatine turnover by an isotope dilution technique using [15N]creatine, creatine concentration, and urinary creatinine output [33].
• The patient's immunodeficiency was attributed to protein-calorie malnutrition and was corrected with total parenteral nutrition [34].
• STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare two ethnically distinct Ethiopian populations (Oromo Arsi in Elka in the Rift Valley and Anyuak in Punjido in Gambella) for two widely used anthropometric indices of protein-energy malnutrition: body mass index < 18.5 and arm muscle circumference < 80% of the median of the US NHANES reference data [35].

References