Disease relevance of Diestrus

• The potential of individual stages of the rat estrous cycle to alter the incidence and subsequent behavior of mammary carcinomas induced by a single dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on diestrus, proestrus, or estrus was examined [1].
• The groups (n = 5, each) of Sprague-Dawley rats were cycling (diestrus), ovariectomized (OVX), OVX + tamoxifen (OVX-T), OVX + 4-hydroxyandrostene-3,17-dione, an aromatase inhibitor (OVX-A) to prevent peripheral synthesis of estrogen, and control-fed OVX to prevent excess weight gain [2].
• However, the group that was treated with NPY plus 1229U91 exhibited the usual length of lactational diestrus, indicating that there is at least some Y1 involvement in the effects of NPY on lactational infertility [3].
• With tamoxifen (1 mg/kg body weight/day), 83% of the animals had irregular cycles or were in persistent diestrus [4].
• The administration of lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and Escherichia coli induced considerable changes in ovarian cyclic activity, mainly diestrus was observed [5].

Psychiatry related information on Diestrus

• The GABA release markedly increased from late in the night of diestrus 2 through the morning of proestrus, when it attained its peak, and thereafter it declined sharply until the critical period of proestrus [6].

High impact information on Diestrus

• In contrast, in tissues such as bone and brain, the peak activity of estrogen receptors was observed at diestrus [7].
• In late diestrus (high-progesterone phase), enhanced expression of deltaGABA(A)Rs increases tonic inhibition, and a reduced neuronal excitability is reflected by diminished seizure susceptibility and anxiety [8].
• We show that the daily rhythm of PER2 expression within these nuclei but not in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, dentate gyrus, or basolateral amygdala is blunted in the metestrus and diestrus phases of the estrus cycle [9].
• In the medial septum (MS) and striatum, the highest levels of ChAT mRNA were detected on diestrus 1 [10].
• Steady-state FUT2 mRNA levels are cyclically regulated during the estrus cycle, increasing 10-fold from early diestrus to a relative maximum in proestrus [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Diestrus

• The effect of estradiol on this activity was studied in rats that were ovariectomized in diestrus 1, injected with estradiol benzoate (50 micrograms/kg body weight), and killed 48 h later [12].
• Hypothyroidism resulted in decreased concentrations of plasma LH on the day of diestrus and proestrus, whereas the plasma concentrations of prolactin and progesterone increased as compared with euthyroid rats [13].
• Fifteen mated bitches were given prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) [250 micrograms/kg body weight] and bromocriptine (10 micrograms/kg BW) twice daily from days 6 to 10 of diestrus [14].
• A single dose of cadmium chloride (2.2 mumol/100 g of body weight) brought about in the sensitive KP strain alterations of the ovarian structure and disturbances in the ovarian cycle manifested by a prolongation of diestrus [15].

Biological context of Diestrus

• Consistent with these results, Npn-1 mRNA expression was augmented nearly 7- and 4-fold at metestrus and diestrus, respectively, during periods of high progesterone; Npn-2 mRNA expression was not significantly altered during the estrous cycle [16].
• However, blockade of ovulation was not reversed if EB was administered at 0500 or 0800 hr of proestrus following P treatment on diestrus II [17].
• Animals were selected at proestrus (P 1000 h and P 2000 h), estrus (E 0200 h and E 1000 h), diestrus I (DI 1100 h), and diestrus II (DII 1100 h), and in pregnancy (day 12, before luteolysis and day 21, during luteolysis) [18].
• The other subdivisions of the ARC did not show any differences in NPY mRNA between diestrus and lactation [19].
• The luteotropic stimuli necessary to transform the corpus luteum of the estrous cycle into a corpus luteum of psuedopregnancy on the morning of diestrus-2 (Day 2), as reflected by a dramatic divergence in progesterone secretion, were studied (Day 1 was taken as the first day of diestrus of pseudopregnancy) [20].

Anatomical context of Diestrus

• The immune responsiveness of spleens from female BALB/c mice to PHA, Con A, and LPS was greater at proestrus and metestrus as compared with estrus and diestrus [21].
• An increase in uterine IGF-I mRNA abundance, approximately 14-fold above untreated controls, was apparent 6 h after estrogen administration and the level achieved exceeded that seen in the uterus from intact mature rats during diestrus [22].
• Antigen presentation by epithelial cells was high at diestrus (day 3), when estradiol levels are elevated, and low at estrus and diestrus (days 1 and 2) [23].
• The response of cAMP to norepinephrine (NE) was measured in hypothalamic tissue and pineal glands of cycling female rats killed on the mornings of proestrus and diestrus (in 4-day cycles) or diestrus II (in 5-day cycles) [24].
• A determination of the total GnRH peptide content by RIA in a separate set of hypothalamic dissections revealed no difference between groups in the level of GnRH content (nanograms) per hypothalamus (diestrus, 6.0 +/- 0.6; lactation, 5.7 +/- 0.4; P > 0.4) [25].

Associations of Diestrus with chemical compounds

• These data together with the normal expression in the cycling mice suggest that progesterone might repress Muc-1 expression during the metestrus and diestrus phases [26].
• Highest levels of glucose utilization occurred during proestrus and metestrus, whereas lower rates were found during estrus and diestrus [27].
• This resulted in HPV16 neutralizing titers of IgG only being achieved during diestrus upon parenteral immunization [28].
• We found that following Depo-provera-treatment, mice had prolonged diestrus that lasted more than 4 weeks [29].
• In female rats in diestrus a 1:125,000 dilution of anti-bLH-beta stained Kurosumi-Oota "LH cells," "FSH cells," and cells with some morphological characteristics of both types [30].

Gene context of Diestrus

• Ovarian GnRH mRNA levels increased in the morning of diestrus 1 and early afternoon of proestrus [31].
• The pituitary GnRH receptor content in PCO rats was similar to that observed in normal controls at estrus and was significantly lower than that for rats at diestrus [32].
• Pacap mRNA levels in the PVN declined significantly on the morning of diestrus [33].
• The Bf mRNA remained undetectable, whereas a readily detectable C3 mRNA level reappeared, in diestrus [34].
• The expression of CRLR and RAMP1 was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated during pregnancy compared to nonpregnant diestrus state (NP-DE) [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Diestrus

• Ovariectomy on the day of diestrus prevented the decline in the responsiveness of the anterior lobe to the actions of dopamine normally seen 2 days later (on the presumptive day of estrus) [36].
• Estradiol facilitated the effect of stimulation on early appearance of leucocytes in the vaginal smear in the estrous cycle and pseudopregnancy-length diestrus; contrarily, progesterone, in a few cases, inhibited both effects [37].
• Using quantitative PCR, we determined that levels of GC-A and GC-B mRNAs were highest in the ovaries of proestrous animals and were approximately 2- to 3-fold higher than the levels seen at diestrus [38].
• Coronal hippocampal sections from diestrus rats were immunolabeled with antibodies to ERbeta and examined by light and electron microscopy [39].
• On the morning of diestrus, each rat was ovariectomized and assigned to one of three treatment groups: Control--injected with sesame oil (n = 5); Surge--injected with estradiol benzoate (EB, 10 micrograms) to produce an LH surge (n = 5); or, Surge+Prazosin--injected with EB and a prazosin-filled inner cannula was put into the POA (n = 6) [40].

References