Disease relevance of HYALURONIC ACID

• We show that expression of a wild-type CD44 isoform that binds hyaluronic acid augments the rapidity of tumor formation by melanoma cells in vivo, whereas expression of a CD44 mutant, which does not mediate cell attachment to hyaluronate, fails to do so [1].
• Hyaluronic acid accumulation and redistribution in rejecting rat kidney graft. Relationship to the transplantation edema [2].
• Early diagnosis and monitoring of transplanted human malignant mesothelioma by serum hyaluronic acid [3].
• The pathophysiology of Wilms' tumor is associated with major alterations in hyaluronic acid metabolism [4].
• The results implicate the hyaluronic acid capsule as a virulence factor in soft tissue infection [5].
• Given the likely lack of a superior effectiveness of hylan over hyaluronic acids and the increased risk of local adverse events associated with hylan, we discourage the use of intraarticular hylan in patients with knee osteoarthritis in clinical research or practice [6].
• The results of these studies demonstrate that enhanced chondrocyte survival and improved mitochondrial function under conditions of oxidative injury are probably important therapeutic mechanisms for the actions of hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis [7].

Psychiatry related information on HYALURONIC ACID

• We evaluated the possible influence of physical activity on serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA), plasma levels of elastase, and serum levels of procollagen III peptide [8].

High impact information on HYALURONIC ACID

• Because ligation of CD44 by hyaluronic acid can induce epithelial cell movement on extracellular matrix, we investigated whether molecular mimicry by the GAS hyaluronic acid capsule might induce similar cellular responses [9].
• Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to hyaluronic acid in placental malaria [10].
• Extracellular matrices are made up of different combinations of collagens, elastin, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans and various glycoproteins such as fibronectin [11].
• I report here the presence, in some human cartilages, of a proteoglycan population that initially will not aggregate with the hyaluronic acid but subsequently can be chased into aggregate [12].
• Increased hyaluronic acid production on stimulation of DNA synthesis in chick embryo fibroblasts [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of HYALURONIC ACID

• Molecular analysis of the role of the group A streptococcal cysteine protease, hyaluronic acid capsule, and M protein in a murine model of human invasive soft-tissue infection [14].
• The hyaluronic acid-binding region was prepared by trypsin digestion of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan aggregate from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma, and biotinylated in the presence of hyaluronic acid and link protein [15].
• These results link the release in vitro and organization in vivo of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate to invasion and metastasis [16].
• The hepatic hydroxyproline content and serum hyaluronic acid were also significantly increased in TIMP-Tg-mice, whereas CCl(4)-induced liver dysfunction was not altered [17].
• Native and clostripain-derived link proteins from proteoglycan aggregates were separated by gel chromatography in 4 M guanidine HCl from low-buoyant-density proteoglycan and proteoglycan hyaluronic acid-binding region after extraction from adult bovine nasal cartilage and the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma [18].

Biological context of HYALURONIC ACID

• Hyaluronic acid (HA) is believed to play a critical role in wound healing and in morphogenesis [19].
• Regulation of granulocyte function by hyaluronic acid. In vitro and in vivo effects on phagocytosis, locomotion, and metabolism [20].
• Both cell adhesion protein CD44 and its main ligand hyaluronic acid (HA) are thought to be involved in several processes ultimately requiring cytoskeleton rearrangements [21].
• Identification of hyaluronic acid binding sites in the extracellular domain of CD44 [22].
• Mutagenesis of basic residues within these regions established their role as determinants in hyaluronic acid binding [22].

Anatomical context of HYALURONIC ACID

• In laboratory isolates selected for specific high-level adhesion, binding to hyaluronic acid could be inhibited by dodecamer or larger oligosaccharide fragments or polysaccharides, treatment of immobilized receptor with hyaluronidase, or treatment of infected erythrocytes with trypsin [10].
• Hyaluronic acid capsule and the role of streptococcal entry into keratinocytes in invasive skin infection [5].
• Through binding to hyaluronic acid, CD44 augmented DNA synthesis in cultured human and rat smooth muscle cells by 48 +/- 7.8 and 100 +/- 12.5%, respectively, an effect inhibited by an anti-CD44 antibody that blocked hyaluronate binding [23].
• Additionally, fibroblast CD44 mediated adhesion to the provisional matrix proteins fibronectin, fibrin, and hyaluronic acid, but not to laminin, a component of the basement membrane [24].
• Hyaluronic acid (HA) stimulated the function of polymorphonucler leukocytes (PMN) both in vitro and in vivo [20].

Associations of HYALURONIC ACID with other chemical compounds

• We found that attachment of GAS to murine epithelial keratinocytes was mediated by binding of the GAS hyaluronic acid capsular polysaccharide to CD44 [25].
• We characterized the mechanisms by which recombinant (r) tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IFN-gamma, and IL-1, alone and in combination, regulate human lung fibroblast hyaluronic acid (HA) production [26].
• This ethanol challenge induced within 20-30 minutes a 10-fold increase in albumin (P less than 0.001) and a two-fold increase in the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (P less than 0.05) in the perfusion fluid [27].
• These results demonstrate that soluble factors released by activated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (interleukins) stimulate cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells to produce a highly structured pericellular matrix containing glycosaminoglycans (probably chondroitin sulfate and/or hyaluronic acid) as a major constituent [28].
• Contraction was not affected by hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, or fibronectin, implying that the activity of heparin was specific [29].

Gene context of HYALURONIC ACID

• Monoclonal antibodies to the hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 blocked the effects of hyaluronic acid on IL-1 beta, TNF alpha, and IGF-1 expression [30].
• PTEN suppresses hyaluronic acid-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells through focal adhesion kinase dephosphorylation [31].
• We found that in the presence of a constant amount of IL-1 beta, stimulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis by the IL-1 inhibitor was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner [32].
• Hyaluronic acid, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were not associated with SF inhibition [33].
• Hyaluronic acid or TNF-alpha plus fibronectin triggers granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor mRNA stabilization in eosinophils yet engages differential intracellular pathways and mRNA binding proteins [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of HYALURONIC ACID

• Serum concentrations of unhydrolyzed hyaluronic acid (HA) in nude mice bearing human malignant mesothelioma xenografts were determined by size-exclusion chromatography [3].
• In healthy controls (n = 16) the average concentration of hyaluronic acid in jejunal perfusion fluid was 12.2 +/- 2 micrograms/L (mean +/- SEM); the mean serum concentration was 22 +/- 7 micrograms/L [35].
• Since this enzyme has a specificity for hyaluronic acid, the observations indicate that the lattice contains a backbone of hyaluronic acid (which appeared as banded or filamentous staining) to which is attached LP and PG, the latter collapsing when the tissue is fixed, reacted with antibodies, and prepared for electron microscopy [36].
• Using truncation and site-directed mutagenesis we identified two regions containing clusters of conserved basic residues which are important in hyaluronic acid binding [22].
• We used complementary biochemical and immunological techniques to establish that an endothelial cell transmembrane glycoprotein, GP116, is a CD44-like molecule and binds directly both to extracellular matrix components (e.g., hyaluronic acid) and to ankyrin [37].

References