Disease relevance of Carmine

• Campari-Orange anaphylaxis due to carmine allergy [1].
• Extrinsic allergic alveolitis secondary to carmine [2].
• Intestinal transit times in children less than 3 years old with gastroenteritis were measured using carmine suspension and radioopaque pellets [3].
• CONCLUSIONS: This case provided evidence of an IgE-dependent mechanism and draws attention to the triggering dose of carmine (1 mg) although the acceptable daily intake is up to 5.0 mg per kg of body weight [4].
• Hypersensitivity to carmine (E120) has been identified as a cause of food intolerance and occupational asthma [5].

High impact information on Carmine

• RESULTS: Positive skin test responses to carmine (41.7%), cochineal (29.2%), and carminic acid (4.2%) were observed [6].
• Five subjects underwent specific inhalation challenges: 2 workers had early asthma responses to carmine and cochineal challenges, and the remaining subjects did not have suggestive peak expiratory flow recordings [6].
• Adhesive domains of blastomeres were discovered by using carmine dye particles which attached primarily in the region of blastomere cleavage furrows [7].
• Moreover, most adhesive flat lamellar formations (ruffles) with microvilli at their ends were discovered in the furrow region, particularly in its apical part (in the sites of intercellular contact formation and carmine absorption) [7].
• Abnormal astrocytes of the Alzheimer II type were diffusely distributed in the brain and contained no intranuclear glycogen which stained positive with the carmine stain [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Carmine

• In the experiments of vital staining with lithium carmine, Fesin phagocytosis, carrageenin granuloma formation, in vivo culture by intraperitoneal implantation of diffusion chambers, and subculture, cytological changes of histiocytes or macrophages and fibroblasts, as well as their transformation, were investigated [9].
• The content of carmine dye in the granuloma tissue in alloxan diabetic mice was observed to be significantly low during the first week after adjuvant injection when compared with normal mice, indicating poor development of blood vessels in the diabetic state [10].
• Melanoma colonies stained with Masson's Trichrome, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid-Schiff, Best's carmine, Page-Green method for inclusion bodies, and Snook's reticulum revealed cellular and extracellular components by LM [11].

Biological context of Carmine

• Although it has been reported that inhalation of carmine may give rise to occupational asthma and extrinsic allergic alveolitis, there is little evidence of its immunogenic capacity [12].
• One of the mutant chromosomes had an active hobo-mediated instability, manifested by the recurrent production of mutations of the carmine (cm) locus in bands 6E5-6 [13].
• Bioavailability was assessed by chemical balance using carmine to mark the beginning and end of the faecal collection [14].
• Improved Carica papaya tolerance to carmine spider mite by the expression of Manduca sexta chitinase transgene [15].
• 2. Intestinal motility, assessed by the transit of carmine dye in the mouse and gastric motility, assessed by stomach weight in the rat, were examined using a range of clinical drugs or potent pharmacological agents known to affect gastrointestinal function [16].

Anatomical context of Carmine

• OM administration increased transit of a carmine dye bolus from 58% of the total length of the upper GI tract in untreated age-matched controls to as high as 74% when tested at day 28 post-OM [17].
• Using carmine as 'a precious agent' to stain spinal cord hardened with dilute chromic acid, he described the characteristic myelin loss with relative but not absolute axonal preservation [18].
• Carmine red/gelatin infusion revealed a 50% higher density of blood vessels as compared to denervated ligaments [19].
• In a separate cohort of 16 rabbits, vascular volumes of the injured ligaments were measured by infusion of a carmine red/gelatin solution [19].
• Kupffer cells could be detected after vital staining with carmine [20].

Associations of Carmine with other chemical compounds

• METHODS: The 24 current employees and one worker who had recently left work because of asthma completed a questionnaire and underwent skin testing (carmine, cochineal, carminic acid, curcuma, annato, and chlorophyll), carmine IgE dot-blot analysis, and methacholine inhalation testing [6].
• The labels used to distinguish between the cell types were latex microspheres and carmine particles [21].
• We examined the amount of tumor angiogenesis in C6 with MDA-MB-435 xenografts utilizing the carmine dye [22].
• Uptake of lithium carmine by sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells of the rat liver: new insights into the classical vital staining and the reticulo-endothelial system [23].
• METHOD: Case report of a patient who received skin prick test and leukocyte histamine release test with carmine and yogurt [4].

Gene context of Carmine

• Defective expression of the mu3 subunit of the AP-3 adaptor complex in the Drosophila pigmentation mutant carmine [24].
• The induction of visible mutations by MR is observed at only a limited number of genes, such as singed bristle (sn), raspberry eye colour (ras), yellow body colour (y) and a carmine eye colour (car) [25].
• This was shown by the reduction in the tumour density of carmine in the vascular casts, as well as reduced blood-vessel density visualized by rat anti-mouse CD31 immunohistology [26].
• Several of these bands were variably recognized by our three patients' sera, and this reactivity was inhibited by carmine [27].
• Parathyroid surgery: the role of chief cell intracellular fat staining with osmium carmine in the intraoperative management of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Carmine

• Gastrointestinal transit times were measured weekly using carmine red markers [29].
• RESULTS: Three proteins of around 30, 28, and 17 kD in raw cochineal extract and another protein of 50 kD in the boiled one were demonstrated by SDS-PAGE [30].
• Specific IgE binding bands at 17 kD in cochineal raw extract, at 50 kD in the boiled one, and at 28 kD in carmine extract were demonstrated by IgE immunoblotting [30].
• Specific bronchial challenge test with a cochineal extract was positive with a dual pattern (20% and 24% fall in FEV1) [31].
• Western blot showed IgE binding to bands of about 30 kDa on cochineal extract and a diffuse pattern at 40-97 kDa on carmine [5].

References