Disease relevance of Rana catesbeiana

• Ionic currents activated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) were studied in voltage-clamped dorsal root ganglion neurons from rats and bullfrogs [1].
• In adult bullfrogs exposed to chronic hypoxia, the morphology of the gas exchange organs does not change (Burggren & Mwalukomo, 1983), but instead profound adjustments occur in the blood, favouring O2 transport under these conditions [2].
• The bullfrogs are able to increase whole body cutaneous gas flux during prolonged apnea but were not able to respond to changes in local O2 content [3].
• These results suggest that factors associated with intensive agricultural practices may affect the body weight and retinoid stores in male bullfrogs living in these agroecosystems [4].

High impact information on Rana catesbeiana

• We have studied the desensitization to substance P (SP) by whole-cell recordings from dissociated sympathetic neurons from bullfrogs [5].
• During metamorphic stages and in juvenile bullfrogs, the expression of TH becomes transiently bimodal: many neurons are intensely positive; the remainder are faintly positive [6].
• Double-label experiments in late-stage tadpoles and juvenile bullfrogs revealed that the intensely TH-positive neurons are negative for NPY [6].
• Substance P suppresses GABAA receptor function via protein kinase C in primary sensory neurones of bullfrogs [7].
• Together, these observations indicate that dopamine mimics the effect of light on cone and RPE retinomotor movements in both fish and bullfrogs [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Rana catesbeiana

• Chronic exposure to hypoxia or hyperoxia failed to produce any significant morphological changes in adult bullfrogs [9].

Biological context of Rana catesbeiana

• Toads (Bufo marinus L.) and bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) were subjected to a series of 24 h step increases in aerial CO2 (2, 4, 6 and 8%) to assess the degree of extracellular pH compensation at each CO2 level and to ascertain the importance of cutaneous ion transport in this process [10].
• The effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and isoproterenol on blood pressure and heart rate were studied in cannulated American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana [11].
• These results suggest that retinoid homeostasis in bullfrogs may be influenced by agricultural practices [12].
• Immunocytochemistry of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and sexual maturation of the frog brain: comparisons of juvenile and adult bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) [13].
• We found that AVT stimulates significant increases in heart rate, pulse pressure, and the maximal time derivative of ventricular pressure in anesthetized bullfrogs after the beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the heart were blocked by atropine and propranolol [14].

Anatomical context of Rana catesbeiana

• Propranolol blocks recurrent synaptic activation in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of bullfrogs [15].
• With intracellular and voltage-clamp recording techniques, we have demonstrated that the glucocorticoids, prednisolone and hydrocortisone at a concentration of 5 microM to 1 mM, reversibly depressed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced responses on primary afferent neurons of bullfrogs [16].
• This study examined the direct effects of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), a sodium-channel blocking local anesthetic, on respiratory motor output using an in vitro brain stem preparation of adult North American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) [17].
• Action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on isolated spinal cord of bullfrogs [18].
• In order to demonstrate features of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) path in the amphibian, 2--6 microliters of either Evans Blue-albumin (EBA) or ferrocyanide were injected into the ventricular system of anesthetized bullfrogs [19].

Associations of Rana catesbeiana with chemical compounds

• Ouabain was effective when applied to the apical but not to the basolateral side of the preparation, suggesting the presence of a Na-K ATPase on rabbit RPE apical membrane similar to that found in bullfrogs, embryonic chickens, cats and dogs [20].
• In sharp contrast, vitamin A-containing proteins in plasma from larvae of bullfrogs as well as three fishes (carp, blue sharks, and young yellowtails) appeared to be present in plasma as monomeric retinol-binding proteins without any affinity to human prealbumin [21].
• Chronic (2-4 days) constant-rate infusions of mammalian gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) were performed in female bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana [22].
• Incubations of tricaine with serum from bullfrogs, mice and humans indicated that the drug was metabolized to m-aminobenzoic acid with an apparent Km of 3 X 10(-3) M for the reaction [23].
• Exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol accelerates sexual differentiation and disrupts expression of steroidogenic factor 1 in developing bullfrogs [24].

Gene context of Rana catesbeiana

• Using the cDNA as a probe, the content of GH mRNA in the pituitary of larval and adult bullfrogs was measured [25].
• Epinephrine (4 x 10(-8) M), the amphibian sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter, stimulated leukotriene synthesis by brains from warm-acclimated bullfrogs, and the effect was blocked with the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor MK-886 (5 x 10(-5) M) [26].
• In bullfrogs, the bullfrog GH (about 2 microgram/injection) stimulated growth and appetite in intact frogs, and improved survival in hypophysectomized frogs [27].
• Previously, the doubling of hind limb dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in postmetamorphic bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) was found to occur in the absence of neuron proliferation (St. Wecker and Farel [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 342:430-438) [28].
• On the other hand, prolactin significantly inhibited calling in female bullfrogs, but had no affect in males [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Rana catesbeiana

• Immunocytochemistry of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone during spontaneous and thyroxine-induced metamorphosis of bullfrogs [30].

References