Disease relevance of Bufonidae

• Partially purified immunoreactive NT and XP obtained from gastrointestinal tissues of Xenopus laevis and Bufo marinus were shown to increase the hematocrit and induce cyanosis in anesthesized rats [1].
• The urinary bladder of Bufo marinus excretes H+ and this excretion is increased by metabolic acidosis (MA), insulin (IN), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), increases CO2, and aldosterone [2].
• In the amphibian Bufo marinus, progressive hypoxia below a critical PO2 elicits a transient 50% increase in O2 consumption that coincides with the onset of lactate formation [3].
• Specimens of Bufo marinus were exposed to aerial and aquatic hypercapnia (5% CO2) in a closed, water recirculation system to evaluate mechanisms involved in the compensation of a respiratory acidosis in these animals [4].
• Systemic injection of sodium nitroprusside (30 microg/kg, i.v.) in the awake Bufo paracnemis toad induced a fall in arterial blood pressure and tachycardia [5].

High impact information on Bufonidae

• Amphibians of the family Bufonidae contain high levels of skin compounds that both inhibit Na+- and K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase and antagonize the binding of ouabain to the enzyme [6].
• In addition, kallikrein-like enzyme activity was discovered in the urinary bladder or skin of Bufo marinus toads and this activity was also inhibited by amiloride [7].
• Studies were thus carried out to purify and characterize the RyR in stomach smooth muscle cells from the toad Bufo marinus [8].
• Guanylate cyclase from rod photoreceptors of amphibian (toad, Bufo marinus, and frog, Rana catesbeiana) and bovine retinas was solubilized and purified by a single chromatography step on a GTP-agarose column [9].
• This hypothesis was tested in preparations utilizing the toad (Bufo marinus) eye and purified, initially ligand-free IRBP obtained from the bovine eye [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Bufonidae

• Comparison of dehydration and angiotensin II-stimulated cutaneous drinking in toads, Bufo punctatus [11].
• Effect of exogenously applied polyamines on malathion toxicity in the toad Bufo arenarum Hensel [12].
• We conclude that at rest Bufo paracnemis heart is under the influence of a double cholinergic and adrenergic tone, and that both influences, as well as the reflex adrenergic reactivity to the unloading produced by nitroprusside-induced hypotension, are reduced in aestivated toads [13].
• The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are able to potentiate the toxicity of malathion in Bufo arenarum Hensel toad larvae [12].
• Protective action of ions against cadmium toxicity to young Bufo arenarum tadpoles [14].

Biological context of Bufonidae

• Standard microelectrode techniques were used to study the direct effects on the cellular electrophysiology of canine Purkinje fibers of 1) bufalin, an unconjugated cardiotonic steroid molecule that is produced by the toad Bufo marinus, and 2) an extract of human bile that showed digitalis-like immunoreactivity on radioimmunoassay [15].
• To investigate structural relationship between amphibian and mammalian GSTs the complete amino acid sequence of the major form of glutathione transferase present in toad liver (Bufo bufo) was determined [16].
• The main characteristics of the species Bufo bufo consists in the presence of the new carbohydrate sequence Gal(alpha1-3)GalNAc(alpha1-3)[Fuc(alpha1-2)]Gal, in which a blood group A determinant is substituted with an external alpha1-3 linked galactose unit [17].
• Influence of thyroid hormone on the development of peoptic-hypothalamic monoaminergic neurons in tadpoles of Bufo bufo japonicus [18].
• A possible role of the kidney and urinary bladder in urea conservation of Bufo viridis under high salt acclimation [19].

Anatomical context of Bufonidae

• Ionophore A23187 causes contraction of smooth muscle cells isolated from the stomach muscularis of Bufo marinus [20].
• Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs for neurohypophysial hormones vasotocin and mesotocin for the hypothalamus of toad, Bufo japonicus [21].
• To measure the influx of Na+ and other ions through the light-dependent permeability of photoreceptors, we superfused the isolated retina of the toad, Bufo marinus, with a low-Ca2+ (10(-8) M), low-Cl- Ringer's solution containing 0.5 mM ouabain [22].
• The effects of caffeine on cytoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and plasma membrane currents were studied in single gastric smooth muscle cells dissociated from the toad, Bufo marinus [23].
• The distribution of sodium, potassium and chloride in the nucleus and cytoplasm of Bufo bufo oocytes measured by electron microprobe analysis [24].

Associations of Bufonidae with chemical compounds

• Hydrin 2 has been detected in several Ranidae (R. esculenta, Rana temporaria, Rana pipiens) and Bufonidae (Bufo bufo, Bufo ictericus) and appears to have a large distribution in terrestrial or semiaquatic anurans [25].
• Hybrid pumps containing the transfected cardiotonic steroid-resistant alpha 1 subunit of Bufo marinus were also stimulated by aldosterone (2.5 h) [26].
• The eggs of Xenopus laevis and Bufo bufo japonicus matured in vitro by progesterone were denuded and activated by electrical shock or pricking, and their diameters were determined periodically until the postactivation time equivalent to the 8- to 16-cell stage [27].
• We examined the effect of the local anesthetic tetracaine on the Ca(2+)-blockable, poorly selective cation channels in the isolated skin of Rana temporaria and the urinary bladder of Bufo marinus using noise analysis and microelectrode impalements [28].
• To test this hypothesis, measurements of active sodium transport and passive water and urea fluxes were made in hemibladders isolated from the Dominican toad, Bufo marinus [29].

Gene context of Bufonidae

• In conclusion, the results obtained indicate a possible role for CRF in Bufo arenarum metamorphosis [30].
• On the other hand, TRH, GnRH and GHRH were inactive in stimulating growth or metamorphosis of Bufo arenarum [30].
• The cDNA sequence of a toad (Bufo marinus) GH was determined to facilitate maximum parsimony analysis of GH sequences [31].
• Immunocytochemical and morphometric study on the changes of TSH, PRL, GH and ACTH cells during the development of Bufo arenarum [32].
• Identification of a fourth opioid core sequence in a prodynorphin cDNA cloned from the brain of the amphibian, Bufo marinus: deciphering the evolution of prodynorphin and proenkephalin [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Bufonidae

• Five forms of glutathione transferase (GST) were resolved from the cytosol of adult common toad (Bufo bufo) liver by GSH-affinity chromatography followed by isoelectric focusing [34].
• Using substance P immunohistochemistry it was possible to demonstrate a class of morphologically homogeneous group of neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina of two anuran species: Xenopus laevis and Bufo marinus [35].
• Scanning electron-microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin on the apical surface of urinary bladders of toads Bufo marinus [36].
• The ability of levamisole (LVS) to correct the effect of thymectomy on splenic T-cell population in Bufo bufo larvae was tested [37].
• Isolated small intestine of toad (Bufo bufo) was mounted on glass tubes for perfusion studies with oxygenated amphibian Ringer's solution containing glucose and acetate [38].

References