Disease relevance of Sonication

• This protease activity only became sensitive to L-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone- or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride-mediated inhibition after disruption of the virus particles by sonication, suggesting that the enzyme was internally located [1].
• Protein D, a novel surface protein of the bacterial species Haemophilus influenzae with affinity for human IgD, was isolated after solubilization with sonication and Sarcosyl-extraction by a single SDS-PAGE step [2].
• Species-specific antigens from Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia prowazekii were readily solubilized by French pressure cell extraction or sonication of Renografin density gradient-purified rickettsiae and were identified by rocket immunoelectrophoresis [3].
• Purified mannitol-specific enzyme II (EII) from Escherichia coli was reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles with the aid of a detergent-dialysis procedure followed by a freeze-thaw sonication step [4].
• In the presence of cefoxitin, which inhibits septum formation during sporulation, Streptomyces griseus is unable to sporulate, retaining the sonication sensitivity of nonsporulating hyphae [5].

Psychiatry related information on Sonication

• The steady-state phase could be disrupted by the addition of PrP(Sc) to, or by sonication of, the cell-free PrP conversion reaction [6].
• New releasing conditions of the peptide using sonication allowed much shorter reaction times at lower TFA concentrations [7].

High impact information on Sonication

• Interaction of trophozoites with bacteria that were heat inactivated, glutaraldehyde fixed, or disrupted by sonication, or bacteria treated with inhibitors of protein synthesis, did not augment amebic virulence [8].
• The marked induction of IL-1 beta was partially diminished by heat-treatment and abrogated by sonication; IL-1ra was not affected [9].
• To characterize the enzyme(s) responsible for omega-oxidation of LTB4, human PMN were disrupted by sonication and subjected to differential centrifugation to yield membrane, granule, and cytosol fractions (identified by biochemical markers) [10].
• Incubation of human serum with crystalline cholesterol which had been pulverised by sonication resulted in a measurable uptake of cholesterol by the serum [11].
• Addition of oil body PL or dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, with or without charged stearylamine/stearic acid, or oleosins, to the medium before sonication provided limited stabilization effects to the TAG droplets [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sonication

• The enzyme was not readily solubilized from urea extracts of E. coli and required sonication for efficient release [13].
• Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell wall material of Klebsiella K43 prepared by sonication, high-speed centrifugation, and nonidet solubilization, demonstrated the presence of four major protein bands [14].
• Using detergent, sonication, or the pore-forming Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin to breach the microsomal membrane permeability barrier, we found that after each of these pretreatments a remarkably close direct relationship existed between latency changes for bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase and Man-6-phosphatase [15].
• The cell-associated salmonella were rendered susceptible to gentamicin after sonication, providing confirmation of their previous intracellular location [16].
• Submicroscopic goblet-shaped particles ( goblets ) were released from the cell envelope of the marine gliding bacterium Flexibacter polymorphus when treated with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 followed by sonication [17].

Biological context of Sonication

• Superoxide dismutase (SOD; 500 I.U./ml), catalase (500 I.U./ml), mannitol (50 mM), and glutathione (50 mM) completely prevented DNA damage when added before serum sonication, whereas only mannitol (86%) and glutathione (90%) almost completely inhibited DNA damage when added after sonication [18].
• Methanolic sonication produced less than 5% hydrolysis of cocaine and 6-acetylmorphine [19].
• The efficiency of transfection (50 to 100 plaque-forming units/microgram of DNA) was reduced by treatment of the viral DNA with deoxyribonuclease or sonication but not with Pronase or antivirus neutralizing serum [20].
• The uptake of ornithine by the reconstituted vesicles followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and was dependent on the intraliposomal pH, the time of sonication of the reconstituted liposomes and the phospholipid to detergent ratio [21].
• Purification of recombinants resulted from a series of trypsinization and sonication steps combined with the culturing of virus in MPA-containing medium to inhibit wild-type virus replication [22].

Anatomical context of Sonication

• The technique involves: (a) the direct transfer of rhodopsin-lipid complexes from native membranes into ether or pentane, and (b) the sonication of the complex in apolar solvent with aqueous buffer followed by solvent evaporation under reduced pressure [23].
• Fibroblasts (human or chicken) were incubated in normal saline made hypertonic with 0.45 M sucrose, then broken open by sonication and freeze-etched to generate replicas of their inner membrane surfaces [24].
• Flagellar outer doublet microtubules were solubilized by use of sonication, and the tubulin was reassembled in vitro into single microtubules containing 14 and 15 protofilaments [25].
• PAF activation of the acetyltransferase and PAF synthesis required intact neutrophils as they did not occur in cells broken by sonication [26].
• The protein could be extracted in an active form by rupturing the cells with lysozyme and sonication or with a passage through a French pressure cell and incubating the inclusion bodies and membranous structures with detergent (Lubrol PX or deoxycholate) in the presence of Q or S Sepharose ion-exchange resin for several hours [27].

Associations of Sonication with chemical compounds

• This conclusion was derived from release studies using low concentrations of Triton X-100 or controlled sonication [28].
• The cuticle can be isolated largely intact and free of all cellular material by sonication and treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) [29].
• Fractions of covalently closed single circular molecules and of open circular and unit length linear molecules were obtained from associations of kDNA by sonication, sucrose sedimentation, and cesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium gradient centrifugation [30].
• The DNA:liposome ratio, and mild sonication, heating, and extrusion steps used for liposome preparation were crucial for improved systemic delivery [31].
• The protein was extracted from its native membrane by sonication in the presence of urea and dissolved in the urea/water mixture in unfolded form [32].

Gene context of Sonication

• Mild sonication resulted in extensive fragmentation of the tracheobronchial mucin molecules and yielded short filaments of various lengths, free cores and some cores associated with short filaments [33].
• With a large (2500 nm) particle size the response was confined to IgG1 in Balb/c mice, but when this was reduced to 150 nm by sonication the antibody response was increased and relatively high levels of IgG2a appeared in some mice [34].
• After sonication of the cells wild-type neuroglobin oxidizes rapidly to the hexacoordinated ferric form, whereas NO ligation initially protects the mutants from oxidation [35].
• HL-60 cells "loaded" with exogenous cytochrome c by mild sonication showed selective oxidation of PS in both the absence and presence of t-BuOOH [36].
• Nerve ending LMW-PTP was effectively solubilized by 1% Triton X-100 or 1% deoxycholate, though the enzyme was solubilized by thorough sonication [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sonication

• Large unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were prepared by sonication and were fractionated by gel filtration on Sepharose Cl-2B in the size range from 180- to 380-A Stokes radii [38].
• In order to investigate the submitochondrial localization of the NAD kinase, the organelles were ruptured by osmotic treatment and sonication and the submitochondrial fractions were separated by density gradient centrifugation [39].
• In the absence of Triton, no significant activity of the enzyme toward the ghosts was detected even after subjecting the ghosts to lyophilization, homogenization, or sonication [40].
• Inclusion bodies from the bacterial expression were solubilized by sonication and the hER-LBD was purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography over an estradiol-Sepharose column in urea-containing buffer [41].
• Pretreatment with cold methanol resulted in considerably enhanced immunofluorescence but exposure to Triton X-100, with or without sonication, had no effect [42].

References