Disease relevance of viloxazine

• Viloxazine and migraine [1].
• Six cases of convulsive seizures occurring during treatment with viloxazine notified to the Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) and two other cases from Japan were reviewed [2].
• The symptoms of this intoxication (i.e., dizziness, ataxia, fatigue, drowsiness) disappeared rapidly, and serum CBZ levels decreased to the basal values, when viloxazine administration was stopped [3].
• Theophylline toxicity following coadministration of viloxazine [4].
• Sinus tachycardia was recorded in two instances (one viloxazine and one nomifensin patient) [5].

Psychiatry related information on viloxazine

• METHODS: Platelet serotonin content, platelet monoamine oxydase activity, and urinary biopterins were measured in 27 depressed patients before and during four different ATs (paroxetine, viloxazine, moclobemide, or electroconvulsive therapy) [6].
• Viloxazine in the treatment of depressive neurosis: a controlled clinical study with doxepin and placebo [7].
• Acute administration of desipramine, mianserin and viloxazine produces a significant decrease of locomotor activity in rats [8].
• The effects of the antidepressant drug viloxazine and its two optically active isomers on the passive avoidance learning deficit surgically induced in rats by bilateral bulbectomy have been determined [9].
• The drug dependence potential of viloxazine was tested in 5 experiments on rhesus monkeys [10].

High impact information on viloxazine

• Viloxazine HCl in the treatment of endogenous depression: a standard (imipramine) controlled clinical study [11].
• Finally, the action on OCBZ kinetics of a group of drugs (verapamil, cimetidine, erythromycin, dextropropoxyphene, and viloxazine) known to inhibit the metabolism of some AEDs has been studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[12]
• Elevation of plasma phenytoin by viloxazine in epileptic patients: a clinically significant drug interaction [13].
• The cerebral-activating properties of indeloxazine hydrochloride [(+/-)-2-[(inden-7-yloxy) methyl]morpholine hydrochloride, YM-08054] were examined in comparison with those of calcium hopantenate (a cerebral metabolic enhancer), dihydroergotoxine (a cerebral vasodilator), viloxazine and amitriptyline (antidepressants) [14].
• Pharmacokinetics of the antidepressant drug viloxazine in normal subjects and in epileptic patients receiving chronic anticonvulsant treatment [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of viloxazine

• Its clinical properties have been assessed by double-blind controlled studies (versus imipramine, amitriptyline, nomifensine, viloxazine) in depressed patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of the DSM III: single recurrent major depressive episodes without melancholia or psychotic features, and dysthymic disorders [16].
• Amitryptyline (10 mg/kg), desipramine (5 mg/kg), citalopram (10 mg/kg) and viloxazine (10 mg/kg) were administered to rats either acutely (decapitation 1 hr after i.p. injection) or subacutely (by subcutaneous minipump implantation for 18 days followed by decapitation 24 hr after removal) [17].
• A comparison was made between the effects of maprotiline, the sole action of which is to inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline, of salbutamol and of viloxazine on hypothermia induced by reserpine, oxotremorine or apomorphine [18].
• Piracetam, Cahopantenate, dihydroergotoxine and viloxazine did not show significant effect on the amnesia [19].
• Calcium hopantenate (cerebral metabolic enhancer) also showed anti-anoxic actions, whereas neither viloxazine, amitriptyline (antidepressant) nor dihydroergotoxine (cerebral vasodilator) showed any effect on anoxia [20].

Biological context of viloxazine

• Age-related differences in kinetics and side-effects of viloxazine in man and their clinical implications [21].
• Known metabolites of viloxazine do not interfere with the analysis, and experience with several hundred samples in a bioavailability study demonstrated the applicability and reliability of the method [22].
• No regular sex difference was seen in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of viloxazine hydrochloride but two females in one study did show a markedly higher maximum blood level and apparently longer half-life than the males [23].
• The effect of viloxazine on drug-induced inhibition of food intake in the rat [24].
• Viloxazine and amitriptyline in depressive illness. A double blind controlled trial in general practice [25].

Anatomical context of viloxazine

• The antimuscarinic activity of amitriptyline, desipramine, iprindole, mianserin and viloxazine on prejunctional sympathetic nerve endings were compared in the isolated rabbit ear artery [26].
• Thus, mianserin, viloxazine and iprindole exhibit much weaker antimuscarinic activity relative to amitriptyline on prejunctional muscarine receptors on sympathetic nerve endings compared with that observed by others for excitatory muscarine receptors in sympathetic ganglia [26].
• Viloxazine potentiated the L-DOPA behavioural syndrome in the mouse, antagonized reserpine-induced ptosis and hypothermia in the mouse, and inhibited gastric acid secretion in the rat, but was less potent than the tricyclic antidepressants [27].
• Viloxazine crosses the blood-brain barrier and concentrations in CSF remain virtually unchanged over a ten hour period post administration [28].
• It is suggested that viloxazine may facilitate the serotonergic transmission in the central nervous system [29].

Associations of viloxazine with other chemical compounds

• All antidepressants studied (tricyclics, 5-HT uptake inhibitors, iprindole, mianserin, viloxazine, trazodone) showed either activity at lower doses or activity at previously inactive doses [30].
• However, in the present double-blind studies (n = 20) with mianserin and viloxazine, respectively, which lack anticholinergic properties, adjunctive treatment with the anticholinergic biperiden versus placebo did not enhance the antidepressive efficacy [31].
• Sleep laboratory studies on the treatment efficacy of methylphenidate, pemoline, dextroamphetamine, protriptyline, and viloxazine are presented [32].
• Antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of citalopram and viloxazine were compared under double-blind conditions during the first two weeks of treatment with slow drop infusion, followed by oral administration for the rest of the six week trial period [33].
• The various isomeric species of viloxazine were also studied in vitro for their ability to induce a release of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from rat brain slices [9].

Gene context of viloxazine

• 5. MAO-A was inhibited by the following drugs (in ascending order of potency) : nortriptyline, amitriptyline, imipramine, maprotiline, zimeldine, nomifensine, and viloxazine [34].
• Although viloxazine appears to be one of the few antidepressants which can be used safely in patients with epilepsy these results indicate that the drug should be prescribed with great caution in subjects treated with carbamazepine [35].
• Viloxazine does not accumulate in CSF on chronic administration [28].
• The findings are discussed in terms of the eventual specificity of the viloxazine effect to subsensitivity in beta-2 receptors [36].
• The AMDP-evaluation suggests that viloxazin has a somewhat more marked and more rapid effect on symptoms of retardation, whereas amitriptyline acts predominantly on depressive mood, disturbances of sleep and vital feelings [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of viloxazine

• Dose kinetics and side effects of viloxazine (VLX) in 16 healthy volunteers (range age 25-90 years) were studied after single oral administration of 200 mg of VLX [21].
• A worldwide review of clinical trials in which unwanted effects have been recorded suggests that viloxazine, even if possessing convulsive properties like other anti-depressants, is probably less epileptogenic than conventional tricyclics and is not contraindicated in epileptic patients requiring antidepressant medication [2].
• The occurrence of convulsions is not in keeping with the results of animal experiments and of clinical trials in which epileptic patients were included, both of which suggest that viloxazine does not have epileptogenic properties and may have anticonvulsant actions [2].
• 1 A gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of viloxazine in therapeutic concentrations in human plasma, with use of a flame ionization detector, is described [38].
• Simultaneous determination of viloxazine, venlafaxine, imipramine, desipramine, sertraline, and amoxapine in whole blood: comparison of two extraction/cleanup procedures for capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection [39].

References