Disease relevance of Adrenal Medulla

• Enkephalin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in human adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma [1].
• Reserpine treatment or insulin-induced hypoglycemia in rats produces a statistically significant increase in the tetrahydrobiopterin content of both the adrenal medulla and the cortex [2].
• This probe hybridizes specifically to a species of poly(A)-RNA from adrenal medulla and human pheochromocytoma, (1400--1450 bases), and also to [Met]enkephalin-containing pro-opiomelanocortin mRNAs from bovine pituitary (1200 bases) and from mouse pituitary tumor cell (1100 bases) [3].
• As we considered that Class I MHC antigens may be regulated in association with the differentiation stage of the neuroblastoma tumor, we examined the expression of B2M during development of the human adrenal medulla, the tissue of origin of most neuroblastomas [4].
• However, the existence of a significant correlation between pulmonary artery plasma epinephrine concentration and cardiac index (r2 = 0.46, p less than 0.01) in patients with presinusoidal portal hypertension suggests that the adrenal medulla could play a role in the pathophysiology of the hyperkinetic syndrome of these patients [5].

Psychiatry related information on Adrenal Medulla

• A single application of electroconvulsive shock produced a rapid but short-lasting increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity above control values in the rat adrenal medulla and striatum [6].
• In the present study, a significant increase in pain threshold (current to elicit vocalization to tail shock) was found 15 and 60 min after injection of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db cAMP) (30 micrograms) into the lateral ventricle in rats bearing a transplant of fetal adrenal medulla (AM) [7].

High impact information on Adrenal Medulla

• Heterozygous animals do not exhibit the classical symptoms of the human disease, but are highly predisposed to the formation of various tumour types, notably phaeochomocytoma, a tumour of the neural crest-derived adrenal medulla, and myeloid leukaemia, both of which occur with increased frequency in human NF1 patients [8].
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline, the main effectors of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla, respectively, are thought to control adiposity and energy balance through several mechanisms [9].
• Adrenal medulla, brain, pituitary and parathyroid are all sites of synthesis of chromogranin A. The primary structure of chromogranin A, and the presence of chromogranin mRNA in the parathyroid, indicate that chromogranin A and SP-I are identical [10].
• In the adrenal medulla, these receptors are coupled to adenylate cyclase and can stimulate the secretion of catecholamines and Met-enkephalin [11].
• Such an action of CRF is supported by our demonstration of specific CRF receptors in the monkey adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Adrenal Medulla

• Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and caffeine ingestion, in decreasing order of potency, selectively stimulated epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla [12].
• Covalent cross-linking of prostaglandin E receptor from bovine adrenal medulla with a pertussis toxin-insensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein [13].
• Prostaglandin E receptors in bovine adrenal medulla are coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gi and to phosphoinositide metabolism in a pertussis toxin-insensitive manner [14].
• These results suggest that androgens contribute to the development and maintenance of hypertension in SHR via sustained enhancement of tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis in the adrenal medulla, leading to increased epinephrine and norepinephrine levels [15].
• We conclude that dopamine D2 receptors are synthesized in human adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma tissues [16].

Biological context of Adrenal Medulla

• Two major chromaffin granule binding proteins, of molecular weights 32,000 (32K) and 34,000 (34K), were reported to have the same mobility on one-dimensional SDS gels as clathrin-associated light chains from the adrenal medulla, and the 34K granule binding protein the same one-dimensional peptide map as the 34K clathrin light chain [17].
• Like norepinephrine (NE) and E its concentration may increase during physical effort and stress (Fig. 1). Most of the stress-related increase in plasma DA is derived from peripheral noradrenergic nerve terminals and the adrenal medulla [18].
• Phosphorylation of chromosomal proteins by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate enhances the template activity of chromatin from adrenal medulla [19].
• [Met]Enkephalin-containing proteins of 8600 and 12,600 daltons have been isolated from acid extracts of bovine adrenal medulla and purified to homogeneity, and their sequences have been determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation, tryptic mapping, and enzymatic time-course hydrolysis [20].
• A functional cDNA clone for the histamine H1 receptor was isolated from a cDNA library of bovine adrenal medulla by a combination of molecular cloning in an expression vector and electrophysiological assay in Xenopus oocytes [21].

Anatomical context of Adrenal Medulla

• In the case of the adrenal medulla, catecholamines and enkephalin peptides, as well as other secretory proteins, are secreted in response to acetylcholine, which is released onto cholinergic receptors on chromaffin cells upon splanchnic nerve stimulation in vivo [22].
• The data suggest that pro-opiomelanocortin is expressed in the adrenal medulla of humans but is not detectable in the adrenal glands of many other mammalian species [23].
• Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI, respectively) were detected by radioimmunoassay in adrenal glands, adrenal medulla, stellate ganglia, sympathetic trunks, and celiac ganglia, and their contents in adrenal medulla were highest [24].
• A variety of human tissues, including lung, brain, liver, kidney, heart, adrenal medulla, and erythrocytes have previously been tested for ACY-1 activity and antigen; all but erythrocytes are positive [25].
• CRH is present in several human tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, adrenal medulla, lung, liver, peripheral blood leukocytes, as well as the gastrointestinal tract [26].

Associations of Adrenal Medulla with chemical compounds

• Several intermediates in the processing of proenkephalin, containing from one to four copies of [Met] enkephalin, have been purified from the adrenal medulla [27].
• There is good evidence that the large amounts of Leu-enkephalin found in the adrenal medulla are generated from the precursor proenkephalin, but as yet prodynorphin has not been shown to be processed to yield Leu-enkephalin [28].
• Phorbol ester facilitates 45Ca accumulation and catecholamine secretion by nicotine and excess K+ but not by muscarine in rat adrenal medulla [29].
• Here we present the first identification of a novel opioid octapeptide with a C-terminal amide structure, henceforth designated as 'adrenorphin', in human phaeochromocytoma tumour derived from adrenal medulla [30].
• Impulse activity differentially regulates [Leu]enkephalin and catecholamine characters in the adrenal medulla [31].

Gene context of Adrenal Medulla

• Human PNMT transcripts and immunoreactivity were mainly detected in norepinephrine neurons in brain and sympathetic ganglion as well as in norepinephrine-producing cells in adrenal medulla of transgenic mice, indicating that the human DBH gene promoter of 4 kilobases is sufficient to direct expression of the gene in norepinephrine-producing cells [32].
• VMAT1 and VMAT2 are coexpressed in all chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla [33].
• Preganglionic neurons to the adrenal medulla identified by retrograde tracing with fast blue or Fluoro-Gold (FG) express TrkB mRNA [34].
• Which aspects of development of the adrenal medulla might be regulated via TrkA are unknown [35].
• Our results suggest that signaling via TrkA, but not TrkB, may be involved in the postnatal regulation of AChE activity in the adrenal medulla and its preganglionic nerves [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Adrenal Medulla

• The antisera, after absorption with rat liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus, reacted in the micro-complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence assays with PC12 cells (both NGF-treated and untreated), brain, adrenal medulla, and superior cervical ganglia, but not with a variety of other tissues [36].
• Fos-related antigen 2: potential mediator of the transcriptional activation in rat adrenal medulla evoked by repeated immobilization stress [37].
• Direct photoaffinity labeling with radioactively labeled adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography was used to identify PAPS binding proteins in a Golgi membrane preparation of bovine adrenal medulla [38].
• Cytochrome b561 from bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules has been purified by fast protein liquid chromatography chromatofocusing [39].
• In situ hybridization demonstrated that adseverin mRNA was differentially expressed in the bovine adrenal gland; it was expressed in the adrenal medulla but not in most parts of the adrenal cortex, although both have a secretory function [40].

References