Disease relevance of Scala Tympani

• Cochleae with TGF-beta1 overexpression exhibited fibrosis in the scala tympani regardless of the presence of GDNF [1].
• Seven days after bilateral deafening, a 5-microl suspension of CNTF and/or BDNF adenovirus vectors was injected into the left scala tympani through the round window [2].
• The rationale of cochlear dialysis is to reduce the endolymphatic hydrops of the pars inferior by filing the scala tympani with a sterile solution of mannitol in 5% dextrose that has an osmolality of 350 m.osm per liter, which compares with a scala media osmolality of circa 300 m.osm per liter [3].
• Obstruction that occurs within the scala tympani (after meningitis or otosclerosis) has been considered a contraindication for placement of a multichannel cochlear implant electrode [4].
• In chronic otitis media the round window is a pathway for spread of infection to the labyrinth, but also the finding of perilymphatic precipitates to the window in some ears suggests that certain inflammatory products may enter the scala tympani through the round window and so lead to high tone sensorineural hearing loss [5].

High impact information on Scala Tympani

• Capsaicin or the more potent VR agonist, resiniferatoxin (RTX), was infused into the scala tympani of guinea pig cochlea, and their effects on cochlear sensitivity were investigated [6].
• Animals were then treated with saline, 5 mM ATP, 50 mM ATP, or 50 mM ATP+10 mM pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS), a P2X receptor antagonist, administered directly into the scala tympani by osmotic pump [7].
• The right lateral semicircular canal was surgically damaged, and after surgery, animals were treated with 0.1 mg/ml of betamethasone in saline, 1 mg/ml of betamethasone in saline, or saline only, which was administrated directly into the scala tympani by osmotic pump [8].
• ATP-gamma-S shifts the operating point of outer hair cell transduction towards scala tympani [9].
• Results are consistent with an ATP-gamma-S induced transducer change comparable to a static movement of the organ of Corti or reticular lamina towards scala tympani [9].

Anatomical context of Scala Tympani

• However, when the perilymph of scala tympani is replaced with artificial media containing 0.1 to 1 mM vanadate, there is a large (about 17 mV) increase in the EP of the second cochlear turn [10].
• This is consistent with cerebrospinal fluid (having a low glycine content) being drawn into scala tympani through the cochlear aqueduct and contaminating the sample [11].
• Insertion of the Nucleus Contour electrode array resulted in instances of localized basilar membrane penetration causing the electrode array to move from the scala tympani into the scala vestibuli [12].
• Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (25-35 mg/kg), serum, CSF and inner ear fluids from scala tympani perilymph, scala vestibuli perilymph, and scala media endolymph were collected from normal guinea pigs after the oral administration of glycerol (50%, 12 ml/kg) or the intravenous injection of glycerol (1.0 ml/kg) [13].

Associations of Scala Tympani with chemical compounds

• Cochleotopic selectivity of a multichannel scala tympani electrode array using the 2-deoxyglucose technique [14].
• Eight kittens were deafened using kanamycin and ethacrynic acid, and implanted with bipolar or monopolar scala tympani electrodes [15].
• Cisplatin, at 0, 3, 30 or 300 microg/ml in saline, was applied to the scala tympani of the cochlea of guinea pigs via osmotic mini-pumps, operating at a pump rate of 0.5 microl/h. Electrocochleographic recordings were made from an implanted round window electrode [16].
• IAA-94 applied into scala tympani (ST) did not suppress this EP elevation [17].
• After local intracochlear application of neomycin solution (50 mg/mL), electrodes were inserted into the scala tympani [18].

Gene context of Scala Tympani

• The maximum percentage of cells expressing TNFalpha was seen later than in the scala tympani [19].
• Where otosclerosis involved the endosteum of the scala tympani, loss of vessels was observed [20].
• One specimen displayed a circumscribed sensorineural degeneration in the upper basal turn, with an almost exact correspondence between the location and extent of the cochlear lesion and the site of invasion by the otosclerotic process in the bone and endosteum bordering on scala media and scala tympani [20].
• To understand the role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in immune response of the inner ear, inner ear immune response was induced in rats by inoculation of keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH) into the scala tympani of the animals who had been systemically sensitized [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Scala Tympani

• The ototoxic action of salicylate was investigated in the guinea pig by perfusion of both salicylate and bromosalicylate through scala tympani [22].
• Hyaluronic acid (Healon), oxycellulose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), and glycerin are lubricants used in cochlear implant surgery for atraumatic deep insertion of the electrode array into the scala tympani [23].

References