Disease relevance of Oncogenic Viruses

• To determine whether PML acts as a tumor suppressor in vivo and what the consequences of deregulated programmed cell death in leukemia and epithelial cancer pathogenesis are, we crossed PML(-/-) mice with human cathepsin G (hCG)-PMLRARalpha or mammary tumor virus (MMTV)/neu transgenic mice (TM), models of leukemia and breast cancer, respectively [1].
• Murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) provirus sequences in the DNA from early-occurring (average age 10 mo) and late occurring (age greater than 20 mo) tumors in BALB/cfC3H mice were analyzed by Eco RI restriction endonuclease mapping procedures [2].
• The distribution of the normal differentiation antigen Thy 1 and the mammary tumor virus (MTV)-induced antigens or antigen complexes MLm and MLr were studied in mouse mammary gland cells, mammary tumor cells, and other cell types, by use of ascites leukemia cells of the GR mouse strain as target cells in the cytotoxicity test [3].
• We used the mouse mammary tumor and its associated virus (murine mammary tumor virus) to examine the possibility of using plasma levels of a viral protein (gp52, the glycoprotein of 52,000 molecular weight) as a diagnostic indicator of the presence of a solid tumor [4].
• We have generated a mouse monoclonal antibody (H23) against the retrovirus-like particles (human mammary tumor virus) released in vitro by the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line T47D [5].

High impact information on Oncogenic Viruses

• We have constructed a transgenic mouse strain in which a mammary tumor virus LTR/c-myc fusion gene is anomalously expressed in a wide variety of tissues [6].
• Glucocorticoid receptor protein stimulates transcription initiation within murine mammary tumor virus (MTV) DNA sequences in vivo, and interacts selectively with MTV DNA in vitro [7].
• A unique glycoprotein containing GR-mouse mammary tumor virus peptides and additional peptides unrelated to viral structural proteins [8].
• Clonal derivatives of C3HMT murine mammary cell lines in culture demonstrate conversion of mammary tumor virus (MMTV) expression at a rate of appriximately 6 per 100 clones [9].
• Thus HOX11 is a cellular oncogene that targets PP2A and PP1, both of which are targets for oncogenic viruses and chemical tumour promoters [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Oncogenic Viruses

• Ribosomal protein S6 is a component of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit that becomes phosphorylated on multiple serine residues in response to a variety of mitogens, including insulin, growth factors, and transforming proteins of many oncogenic viruses [11].
• Newborn female mice of three strains--BALB/cfC3H [mammary tumor virus (MuMTV)-infected], BALB/c, and C57BL (both virus-free)--were given injections of 17beta-estradiol or testosterone, alone or in combination with ovine prolactin, for the first 5 days of life [12].
• Urethan-induced mammary tumorigenesis in a murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV)-positive mouse strain: evidence for a keratinized nodule as an MuMTV-negative precursor lesion for squamous cell tumors [13].
• Influence of age on induction of mammary tumors by diethylstilbestrol in C3H/HeN mice with low murine mammary tumor virus titer [14].
• Formalin-treated virus vaccines were prepared from purified murine mammary tumor viruses (MuMTV) from 4 inbred strains of mice: RIII/Imr, GR/Imr, C3H/Imr, and A/Imr [15].

Biological context of Oncogenic Viruses

• Attenuation of exogenous murine mammary tumor virus virulence in the C3H/HeJ mouse substrain bearing the Lps mutation [16].
• To directly assess the effect of mammary gland-specific expression of activated c-Src, we established transgenic mice that carry a constitutively activated form of c-src under transcriptional control of the murine mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat [17].
• LDH-5, which contains only the LDH A subunit, is known to be present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, to act as a single-stranded DNA-binding protein possibly functioning in transcription and/or replication, and to undergo phosphorylation of tyrosine 238 in approximately 1% of the enzyme after cell transformation by certain tumor viruses [18].
• Archival materials, such as frozen tissues and paraffin sections, may also now be utilized for identifying genomes of potential oncogenic viruses by the polymerase chain reaction [19].
• Introduction of the glucocorticoid receptor into wild type InR1-G9 cells restored glucocorticoid induction of the murine mammary tumor virus promoter, but not glucocorticoid regulation of glucagon gene expression [20].

Anatomical context of Oncogenic Viruses

• In addition, the expression of the mammary tumor virus envelope glycoprotein gp52 was determined by indirect IF on the surfaces of virus-infected mammary epithelial cells, both MMEC and tumor cells [21].
• Mammary tumor virus particles in the submaxillary gland, seminal vesicle, and nonmammary tumors of wild mice [22].
• Leukocyte migration inhibition responses to MCF-7, murine mammary tumor virus, and Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in a series of cancer patients [23].
• Infectious mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) encode superantigens (SAg) which, when presented in association with permissive class II MHC molecules, are recognized by those T cells that express appropriate TCRs [24].
• Monoclonal antibodies against a TAA that cross-reacts with the envelope glycoprotein gp52 of the mammary tumor virus were used to make hybridoma anti-idiotype antibodies (Ab2) [25].

Gene context of Oncogenic Viruses

• Association of the gene encoding wingless-type mammary tumor virus integration-site family member 5B (WNT5B) with type 2 diabetes [26].
• ErbB-beta-catenin complexes are associated with human infiltrating ductal breast and murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Wnt-1 and MMTV-c-Neu transgenic carcinomas [27].
• Chromatin reorganization of the PHO5 and murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoters is triggered by binding of either Pho4 or the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), respectively [28].
• Several tumor viruses encode proteins that induce EGFR expression or stimulate EGFR-mediated signaling and are thus likely to play an important role in the transformation of virus-infected cells [29].
• Using a murine mammary tumor virus promoter, PIAS1 action was independent of sumoylation whereas with glucocorticoid response element promoter, PIAS1 corepressive action depended on hMR sumoylation status [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Oncogenic Viruses

• Higher percentages of Thy 1.2-positive cells than mammary tumor virus (MuMTV)-positive cells were observed by immunofluorescence, which suggested that not all the Thy 1.2-positive cells recovered from tumors were also MuMTV-positive [31].
• Murine mammary tumor virus main glycoprotein (gp47), prepared by diethylaminoethyl cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography of detergent-mercaptoethanol-KCI-disrupted virion, was used as labeled antigen in a highly specific and reproducible radioimmunoassay [32].
• The main protein of the core of murine mammary tumor virus, with a molecular weight of 28,000 (p28), was solubilized by deoxycholate treatment of the virus and purified by Ultrogel ACA-54 filtration and hydroxyapatite chromatography [33].
• Steroid responsiveness was associated with specific increases in type B murine mammary tumor virus structural polypeptide (gp52(sl) expression and murine mammary tumor virus RNA that quantitatively paralleled the increase in extracellular virus production as measured by electron microscopy and supernatant RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity [34].
• Sequence analysis of the genomic segments which encode the five wound tumor virus nonstructural polypeptides has been completed [35].

References